氯苯和间甲酚对斑马鱼胚胎和仔鱼联合毒理效应研究

方法:采用斑马鱼胚胎和仔鱼发育技术,分别用不同浓度的氯苯和间甲酚混合液对斑马鱼胚胎和仔鱼进行暴露试验。结果:两种受试物联合对斑马鱼胚胎和仔鱼发育表现不同的联合毒性。0hpf染毒主要表现为:对24 h胚胎尾部延展为拮抗作用,48 h水肿、72 h孵化和畸形均为协同作用;48 h对仔鱼毒性为由相加作用向拮抗作用的转变,在24 h、72 h和96 h联合毒性均为协同作用。结论:氯苯和间甲酚联合作用对斑马鱼胚胎和仔鱼存在毒性。     

含钒石煤烧渣的稳定化试验研究

研究了含钒石煤烧渣稳定化处理的一种有效方法。利用石灰为稳定剂与烧渣相混合进行稳定化处理,渣中的水溶态钒转化为钒酸钙沉淀而降低毒性。浸出试验表明,水中钒浓度〈5mg／h,并且具有长期的稳定性,无二次污染。     

Intraspecific hyperparasitism in a primary hymenopteran parasitoid

In solitary parasitoids, in which only one individual can emerge per host, the adaptive value of conspecific superparasitism is a function of the survival probability of the egg laid by the superparasitizing female. In the few cases which these probabilities are compared, the oldest immature has an advantage over the other individuals. We measured the acceptance rate of parasitized hosts and survival rate of supernumerary larvae in Anaphes victus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in relation to the interval between ovipositions. When this interval was 5–7 days, the first immature was at the prepupa and pupa stage respectively, and female Anaphes victus changed their oviposition behavior markedly. They killed the developing parasitoid of their own species before ovipositing in it. The progeny of these females, which are normally primary parasitoids, developed thereafter as hyperparasitoids. Indeed, in contrast with other species, the survival of the second female's progeny increased with the time interval between ovipositions. This type of facultative intraspecific hyperparasitism is different from autoparasitism in Aphelinidae and has never been mentioned in other parasitoids; it would be adaptive if females of this short-lived species encounter low-quality patches.     

用14C示踪技术研究摇蚊幼虫对农药的富集作用

摇蚊幼虫是淡水湖泊中分布广泛、数量极大的底栖动物。它们生活在底泥中,位移能力很小,个体又较大,被认为是水质监测和生态毒理学研究的理想生物。底栖动物能大量富集水中微量的有毒物质,这已有许多报道,而有关摇蚊幼虫富集底泥中的有毒物质的报道甚少,国内至今尚未见报道。摇蚊幼虫富集毒物与其它底栖动物比较,其生态学意义更大,因为摇蚊幼虫除了作为鱼饵通过水生食物链浓缩和转移毒物外,大量的幼虫终将羽化为成虫,一批批飞离水体,有毒物质有可能较快地被消除掉。     

甲氰菊酯对罗氏沼虾幼体急性致毒的研究

用甲氰菊酯对罗氏沼虾幼体进行急性毒性试验，在30℃水温条件下，甲氰菊酯对罗氏沼虾Z1、Z2、Z4、Z6、Z8幼体的24hEC50分别为0．050、0．040、0．035、0．030、0．028μg／L；在26℃条件下，分别为0．080、0．069、0．060、0．050、0．035μg／L，随着发育期的递进，幼体对甲氰菊酯变得更加敏感；对于同一期的幼体来说，甲氰菊酯的毒性随水温的升高增强．     

Vibrational signals in a gregarious sawfly larva (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Perga affinis</Emphasis>): group coordination or competitive signaling?

Group living confers both benefits and costs to the individuals involved. Benefits may include enhanced defense, thermoregulation, and increased foraging efficiency while costs often involve competition for resources such as food, shelter, and mates. Communication provides a medium of exchange among individuals engaged in either cooperative or competitive interactions. The functional analysis of signals within groups therefore requires testing both cooperative and competitive functions, although the latter is infrequently done. In this paper, I study the use of two vibrational signals in a gregarious, processionary Australian sawfly larva, Perga affinis: tapping and contractions. Tapping involves striking the substrate with the sclerotized portion of the abdominal tail and a contraction is a fast, whole-body twitch, which is both tactile and vibrational in its transmission. For tapping, I first demonstrate that it is a form of communication, as tapping of one larva elicits tapping in another, and that it is transmitted through substrate vibrations. I then test whether the signal is mostly cooperative or competitive in nature by examining it in light of two hypotheses: (1) the Group Coordination hypothesis, stating that the signal functions to maintain group cohesiveness and (2) the Competitive Signaling hypothesis, stating that tapping serves as a competitive assessment signal between larvae while feeding. For contractions, I test only the group coordination hypothesis that they serve to coordinate and initiate group movement. Results support the group coordination hypothesis for each signal. While feeding, lone larvae (without potential competitors) were significantly more likely to tap than those in groups, and this trend continued in non-feeding situations. Contractions regularly preceded periods of group movement during processions and were given with increasing frequency before departure from preforaging clusters. The vibrational signals in this processionary species likely function cooperatively to maintain group cohesiveness and coordinate movement.     

纳米TiO2薄膜光催化降解橡梳栲胶的研究

以Ti（OC4H9）4为原料，溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米TiO2薄膜，用原子力显微镜（AFM）观察了纳米TiO2薄膜的形貌，X-射线衍射（XRD）考察相同条件下粉体的相结构．研究水中橡梳栲胶的光催化降解行为．结果表明，橡梳栲胶的降解可用Langmuir-Hinshelwood方程来描述，即浓度较高时，栲胶降解液的光催化降解符合零级动力学方程；浓度较低时，栲胶降解液的光催化降解符合一级动力学方程．外加H2O2对橡梳栲胶的光催化降解有极大的促进作用，但这种促进作用会因为光生电子效率的影响而有一个极限值．在远离橡梳栲胶溶液等电点的起始pH值条件下光催化降解效果较好，且在碱性条件下的降解速率高于酸性条件下的降解速率。     

Defence effectiveness of easy bleeding sawfly larvae towards invertebrate and avian predators

Summary. Easy bleeding is a phenomenon discovered in some tenthredinid insects which possess a particularly low mechanical resistance of the integument, leading under mechanical stress to haemolymph exudation. It has a defensive effect against ants and wasps through harmful plant compounds which are sequestered in the haemolymph. Here we describe etho-ecological and some chemical aspects of the defence of easy bleeders and specify the range of predators to which easy bleeding might be effective. Beside a high haemolymph deterrence associated with low integument resistance across sawfly species, we also detected toxicity of the haemolymph of some species to workers of the ant Myrmica rubra. The behaviour of easy bleeders is to move slowly and, once disturbed, to become motionless, thereby probably impeding the tendency of a predator to attack. This behaviour had no beneficial effect for easy bleeders when attacked by the predatory bug Podisus maculiventris. Bugs could successfully and without harm prey on sawfly larvae without evoking easy bleeding. For the easy bleeder Athalia rosae, host plants with different secondary metabolite profiles, and, consequently, changes in haemolymph chemistry only slightly affected the feeding behaviour of the bugs. To test the effectiveness of easy bleeding towards a vertebrate predator, easy bleeders were offered to birds, Sturnus vulgaris. The body colouration of the sawfly larvae was of prime importance in determining the predators response when testing birds in a group. It is likely that easy bleeding is a defence strategy directed primarily towards foraging insects with biting-chewing mandibles and that it is much less active towards predatory insects with piercing-sucking mandibles as well as birds. The involvement of chemical and/or physical cues in the strategy is discussed with respect to these types of predators.     

甜菜糖蜜乳酸发酵工艺参数的优化及酵母膏替代物的初探

采用正交设计实验进行糖蜜发酵产乳酸的研究 .结果表明 ,在所选择的发酵温度、初始糖浓度、酵母膏用量和接种量 4个因素中 ,初始糖浓度对乳酸产量的影响最显著 .最佳发酵条件是 ,初始糖浓度 70g/L ,接种量 7% ,温度 37℃ ,酵母膏用量 3% .在此条件下 ,乳酸产量在发酵 72h时可达 4 0 g/L左右 .酵母膏作为一种辅料 ,对增加乳酸产量效果明显 ,但造价较高 .以厨房垃圾、豆渣、硫酸铵作为酵母膏的替代物 ,进行糖蜜发酵时 ,其糖底物都能被有效利用 ,乳酸转化率与酵母膏相当 ,但乳酸产量仍低于酵母膏 ,表明乳酸发酵是极为复杂的过程 ,不仅与氮源有关 ,还与维生素等营养物质有关     

水质·杀菌剂多菌灵的测定固相萃取-HPLC法

本方法是用固相萃取法萃取水和废水中的多菌灵,取浓缩纯化后的有机相直接进样到高效液相色谱仪,用二极管矩阵检测器检测,根据保留时间外标法定量.