Clove as antioxidant additive in diesel–biodiesel fuel blends in diesel engines

Increased NOx emission from usage of biodiesel is a burning issue to be dealt with. Many techniques have been adopted to reduce NOx emissions from diesel engines. The present experimental study deals with the analysis of performance and emission characteristics of Cotton Seed oil biodiesel with the addition of natural antioxidant extract of clove. FTIR analysis characterized the antioxidant by the presence of hydroxyl groups denoted by the corresponding wave number. The oxidation stability of the test samples was determined in terms of induction period by means of Rancimat test. The induction periods of the test fuel samples B100, B20, B20+CL1000, and B20+CL2000 were found to be 2.20 h, 2.73 h, 10.19 h, and 11.12 h, respectively. Thus, the addition of Clove antioxidant increased the oxidation stability of the biodiesel. Results show that the addition of antioxidant to biodiesel blend has increased the Brake Thermal Efficiency to a maximum of 4.71% and decreased the Brake Specific Fuel Consumption to a maximum of 6.25% at full-load conditions compared to Cotton Seed biodiesel blend. The addition of Clove extract antioxidant at a concentration of 1000 ppm and 2000 ppm decreases the NOx emission by 23.03% and 26.7%, respectively, at full-load conditions. However, CO emissions increased by 1.12% and 4.49% with the addition of CL1000 and CL2000 to B20, respectively. Similarly, HC emissions increased by 4.19% and 7.35% by the addition of CL1000 and CL2000 to B20, respectively. The increases in smoke with the addition of CL1000 and CL2000 to B20 were 42.48% and 47.71%, respectively.     

黑水虻转化厨余垃圾过程中病原菌灭活规律的研究与综合评价

黑水虻能够有效取食厨余垃圾等有机固体废弃物,其自身转化为昆虫蛋白和脂肪等生物质,将厨余垃圾转化为虫沙有机肥,处理过程是一种有机固体废弃物的资源化新方法.为评估黑水虻处理厨余垃圾的效率与安全性,本课题研究黑水虻在厨余垃圾处理过程中,对大肠杆菌O157：H7（EC）、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌（ST）及金黄色葡萄球（SA）的灭活能力,评价黑水虻体内的抑菌因子,分析3种病原菌对黑水虻生长增重及厨余转化效率的影响.经过18 d的黑水虻处理,研究发现：①第0和第6 d两次以6.4~7.1 log₁₀ CFU·g^-1的浓度向厨余垃圾中分别接种EC、ST和SA以后,EC经4~6 d处理被全部灭活、ST经3~4 d处理被全部灭活,SA经6 d处理,浓度下降到1.9~2.6 log₁₀ CFU·g^-1,但不能被全部灭活,病原菌的灭活效率呈现EC=ST>SA的趋势（p < 0.001）,且黑水虻体内无EC、ST或SA残留;②厨余垃圾降解过程中,初期和中期pH值主要呈现酸性（4.0~5.3）,对抑制EC、ST和SA起到了促进作用,后期pH值呈中性至弱碱性;③黑水虻对于EC和ST能够产生自身免疫抑制因子,且抑制活性ST>EC,但对SA无明显的免疫抑制能力,SA的灭活主要依赖于黑水虻肠道菌群的竞争性抑制作用;④黑水虻的体长、体重、预蛹率、产率,以及厨余垃圾的生物转化率和减量化率未受病原菌存在的影响,18 d后EC组、ST组和SA组的预蛹率均达到在80%以上,厨余减量化率分别达到74.0%、79.1%和78.5%,生物转化率分别达到13.0%、13.2%、19.4%.综上,黑水虻能够在彻底灭活EC、ST,99%灭活SA的同时,高效降解厨余垃圾（减量化率>74%）,并转化为虫体有机质（虫产率>10%）,是一种高效卫生的厨余垃圾资源化方法.今后的研究中,还需要加强以金葡菌为代表的抗逆性病原菌的灭活机制的探讨.     

Evaluation of antioxidant potentials of Morinda morindoides leaf extract

This study investigated antioxidant status of animals given aqueous extract of Morinda morindoides leaves using the levels of reduced glutathione, total-thiol, vitamin C, and vitamin E as well as malondialdehyde concentrations as indices, and its in vitro antioxidant capacity. Thirty rats divided into five groups were used. Group A served as control and were administered distilled water while groups B, C, D, and E were given 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg per kilogram body weight of water-extracted constituents of M. morindoides for 28 days. Total phenolic compounds amounted to 83.6 ± 5.9 mg g^?1 gallic acid equivalent, while total flavonoid content was 9.5 ± 0.9 mg g^?1 pyrocathecol equivalent. Malondialdehyde in plasma was significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner, ranging from 21% in groups B and C to 84% in groups D and E. Vitamins C and E were significantly increased, in group E by 91% and 17% compared with control. Total thiols and glutathione in plasma were significantly increased, with group E having 2.5-fold and 4.2-fold higher values than control.     

海藻提取物对富营养化水体氮素循环影响研究

利用国外引进的海藻提取物EClean制剂对富营养化水体进行处理试验,经过定量测定处理和对照水体中氮循环细菌数量的变化,得出EClean制剂能够促进水体的氨化细菌、亚硝化细菌、硝化细菌的生长,并维持了曝气条件下一定数量的反硝化细菌,通过此处理使得在同一反应器中、同一条件下完成硝化作用和反硝化作用成为可能,加速了水体的氮素循环,使水体总氮下降明显。     

Pilot-scale study of removal effect on Chironomid larvae with chlorine dioxide

Introduction C hironom id, from the dipteran fam ily Chirono- m idae, is a non-biting m idge that is w idely distributed in the northern hem isphere at tem perate latitudes. C hironom id larvae can be found both in lentic and lotic environm ents, usually …     

鳗鲡仔鱼(Anguilla japonica Temn. et Schl.)对铜离子的回避反应

本文力图用回避实验的方法分析铜离子对闽江鳗鲡及其他水产资源的影响。实验在流水中进行,温度为16±0.5℃,pH为7.43±0.2,溶解氧为62-68.9%;鱼体长为46-69.5mm,重量为174.2-226.6mg;每一浓度测试20次。当浓度为0.0001ppm时,回避度为12.81%;浓度为0.016ppm时,有明显的回避反应,回避度为58.28%;浓度升至0.064ppm时,回避度84.74%,为完全回避。     

静态顶空进样气相色谱法测定水中CS2的研究

采用气相色谱法静态顶空进样,极性柱分离,ECD检测器检测,对CS2的测定进行了全面的实验.实验表明,本方法简单、快速,并且具有精密度好、准确度高和检出限低的特点,完全能够满足快速分析水中CS2的要求.     

Strong links between metal contamination, habitat modification and estuarine larval fish distributions

Changes to larval fish assemblages may have far reaching ecological impacts. Correlations between habitat modification, contamination and marine larval fish communities have rarely been assessed in situ. We investigated links between the large-scale distribution of stressors and larval fish assemblages in estuarine environments. Larval fish communities were sampled using a benthic sled within the inner and outer zones of three heavily modified and three relatively unmodified estuaries. Larval abundances were significantly greater in modified estuaries, and there were trends towards greater diversity in these systems. Differences in larval community composition were strongly related to sediment metal levels and reduced seagrass cover. The differences observed were driven by two abundant species, Paedogobius kimurai and Ambassis jacksoniensis, which occurred in large numbers almost exclusively in highly contaminated and pristine locations respectively. These findings suggest that contamination and habitat alteration manifest in substantial differences in the composition of estuarine larval fish assemblages.     

虎耳草乙醇提取物抑菌作用的研究

用不同浓度的虎耳草乙醇提取物对4种细菌、1种酵母菌和1种霉菌进行抑菌实验。结果表明，虎耳草乙醇提取挚对手黄色葡萄球菌、苏云金芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌等4种细菌的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）分别为0.9·（12ml）^-1,1.1·（12ml）^-1、2．3·（12ml）^-1和1．7g·（12ml）^-1。培养基，提取物对产黄青霉和啤酒酵母的生长无明显抑制作用。