反应堆压力容器材料中Ni界面偏析对富Cu溶质团簇演化影响的模拟研究

目的定量研究镍原子的界面偏析对降低团簇与基体间表面能及促进团簇形核、提升团簇数密度的贡献,以深化对反应堆压力容器溶质团簇演化过程和辐照脆化中溶质团簇机理的认识。方法通过考虑Fe-Cu-Ni三元合金溶质团簇中镍原子的界面偏析,利用团簇动力学方法研究了团簇中镍原子分布对富铜溶质团簇演化的影响。结果相比铜团簇,加入镍原子后的铜镍团簇自由能显著降低,团簇数密度显著提高;随团簇中镍原子界面偏析加剧,团簇自由能与团簇尺寸逐渐下降,团簇数密度先小幅上升,后下降。结论镍可以促进富铜溶质团簇的形核,提升团簇的数密度,而其中镍原子的界面偏析对促进团簇形核的贡献可能有限;在团簇生长过程中,镍原子的界面偏析可能会抑制其生长,减小团簇的尺寸。     

双氯芬酸钠水溶液的辐照降解

利用60Coγ射线辐照双氯芬酸钠水溶液,探讨了不同辐照剂量下初始浓度、自由基促进剂和淬灭剂、水体共存物质等因素对降解的影响,研究其降解途径,并和等离子体放电降解效果进行了对比.结果表明,γ辐照可有效降解双氯芬酸钠,但矿化过程要长于降解过程,当初始浓度为20.5、30.4和50.1 mg·L-1时,反应动力学常数分别为2...     

激光散射法和便携式氢火焰离子化检测器法直读监测油烟排放

餐饮业油烟排放具有排放浓度不稳定、波动较大、排放时间短等特性,存在瞬时排放高值现象,油烟"看得见"和"闻得着"的问题依然存在,因此对油烟实现快速、及时、直读监测尤为必要。基于一种浓度可控且稳定的油烟产生技术,对直读激光散射法与经典手工称重法测定油烟颗粒物浓度值的数据线性关系进行了分析,发现2种方法数值的相关系数达0.99,通过直读修正激光散射法可以有效地测定油烟颗粒物浓度,并测定了不同水汽含量下油烟颗粒物排放情况,发现当相对湿度超过70%时,油烟颗粒物浓度测定值会发生突变。使用便携式氢火焰离子化检测器法(FID)和光离子化检测器法(PID)测定了不同油温下油烟中非甲烷总烃(NMHC)浓度,发现FID对油烟中NMHC的变化反应及时,能够较好地测定油烟中挥发性有机物的排放量。     

惰性气体抑制瓦斯爆燃火焰传播特性实验研究*

为研究惰性气体抑制瓦斯爆燃火焰传播特性,在自行搭建的中尺度爆炸激波管道上,采用数据采集系统、压电式传感器、火焰传感器、同步控制系统和激光纹影测试系统,通过对比4种不同喷射压力（0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5 MPa）的实验工况,选用N2做为惰性介质时抑制火焰的传播特性与喷射压力密切相关,火焰传播速度随着喷射压力增加呈现先增加后减弱的趋势。研究结果表明:少量N2在管道中扩散,加剧了未反应预混气体的扰动状态,造成火焰阵面褶皱的卷吸能力增强,进而加速化学反应进程,促进预混气体燃烧;喷射压力为1.5 MPa时,火焰阵面拉升、变形最强,火焰传播速度提高,最高可达到250 m/s;喷射压力为3.5 MPa时,火焰阵面出现明显三维凹陷结构,运动发生明显滞后现象,火焰传播速度大幅度降低至5.4 m/s,惰性气体抑制火焰传播效果明显。     

Microwave and Fenton's reagent oxidation of wastewater

We compared two H₂O₂ oxidation methods for the treatment of industrial wastewater: oxidation using Fenton's reagent [H₂O₂/Fe(II)] and microwave irradiation. Both methods were applied to the treatment of synthetic phenol solutions (100 mg L⁻¹) and of an industrial effluent containing a mixture of ionic and non-ionic surfactants at high load (20 g L⁻¹ of COD). The effects of initial pH, initial H₂O₂ concentration, Fenton catalyst amount and irradiation time were assessed. According to the oxidation of phenol, it has been found that the oxidation by Fenton's reagent is dependent on the pH, contrary to the microwave system, which is not influenced by this parameter. For both systems, a limiting amount of oxidant has been found; above this point the oxidation of phenol is not improved by a further addition of peroxide. The oxidation of the industrial surfactant effluent has only been successful with the Fenton's reagent. In this case, large amounts of ferrous ions are necessary for the precipitation of the ionic surfactants of the effluent, followed by the oxidation of the non-ionic constituents of the solution. Electronic Publication     

热光法测量扬尘碳组分的激光分割点偏移

为探讨热光法测量扬尘碳组分的激光分割点偏移（LSPS）的特点和原因,并提出偏移数据的处理方法,选择西宁市、沈阳市、淄博市、十堰市和新疆乌昌石地区共607个扬尘（道路扬尘、城市二次扬尘、土壤扬尘）样品,通过再悬浮采样器获取PM_2.5滤膜样品,使用DRI2001A型碳分析仪结合透射法测量碳组分.结果表明：道路扬尘和城市二次扬尘在碳分析过程中会有不超过10%的样品发生前偏现象,该现象主要受碳酸盐碳（CC）和元素组分的影响;当CC占总碳（TC）的百分比大于9%时,加酸方法可解决前偏问题.土壤扬尘中有40%~90%的样品会发生后偏现象,原因是其元素碳（EC）含量过低（EC/TC<10.7%）,导致灼烧过程残留的耐热物质Fe₂O₃对激光的干扰大于EC对激光的吸收.针对以上偏移问题,采用归零法和替代法对偏移数据进行处理.基于与参比值比较,归零法和替代法得到的OC相对偏差分别为0.1%~10.3%和0.1%~2.9%,EC相对偏差分别为2.1%~52.5%和0.1%~20.6%,远低于偏移引起的相对偏差（0.6%~13.8%和66.6%~149.6%）,且替代法处理效果优于归零法.     

Antimony leaching in plastics from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) with various acids and gamma irradiation

There has been a recent interest in antimony since the availability in readily mined areas is decreasing compared to the amounts used. It is important in many applications such as flame retardants and in the production of polyester, which can trigger an investigation of the leachability of antimony from plastics using different acids. In this paper, different types of acids are tested for their ability to leach antimony from a discarded computer housing, made of poly(acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), which is a common plastic type used in electrical and electronic equipment. The acid solutions included sodium hydrogen tartrate (0.5 M) dissolved in either dimethyl sulfoxide or water (at ca. 23 °C and heated to ca. 105 °C). The metal content after leaching was determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. The most efficient leaching medium was the heated solution of sodium hydrogen tartrate in dimethyl sulfoxide, which leached almost half of the antimony from the poly(acrylonitrile butadiene styrene). Gamma irradiation, which is proposed to improve the mechanical properties in plastics, was used here to investigate the influence of antimony leaching ability. No significant change in the amount of leached antimony could be observed.     

阴离子嵌段磁性混凝剂去除低浓度亚甲基蓝

采用模板法合成具有阴离子嵌段结构阴离子聚丙烯酰胺（TAPAM）,然后用聚多巴胺（PDA）进行改性,通过螯合作用接枝Fe₃O₄纳米颗粒,命名为TAPAM-PDA-Fe₃O₄,并对合成新型磁混凝剂进行多种表征分析.通过与PDA和APAM-Fe₃O₄对亚甲基蓝的去除效果对比,结果表明,TAPAM-PDA-Fe₃O₄去除率最高,且在中性/碱性条件下（7.03O₄能有效去除低浓度亚甲基蓝,在亚甲基蓝初始浓度为4mg/L,pH值为9时去除效率最大值达到97.5%.     

激光熔覆Ni基纳米复合涂层的冲蚀性能研究

目的 对动态腐蚀条件下涂层的耐蚀性进行分析评估。方法 采用激光熔覆技术,在40Cr钢表面沉积Ni基纳米复合涂层。模拟真实的海洋环境,对Ni基涂层进行冲蚀实验,分析了海水冲击、颗粒磨损等外力作用与腐蚀之间的耦合作用对涂层性能的影响。选用自制的360°旋转冲刷机,研究含沙量、旋转速度对涂层耐蚀性的影响,并对冲蚀后的样品进行显微观察、质量损失分析和电化学性能的测试。结果 当含沙量为0.3%,腐蚀时间为48 h时,不同转速下耐蚀性由强到弱依次为300 r/min >600 r/min >900 r/min;腐蚀时间为96 h时,不同转速下耐蚀性由强到弱依次为300 r/min >900 r/min >600 r/min;腐蚀时间为144 h时,不同转速下耐蚀性由强到弱依次为300 r/min >900 r/min >600 r/min。当转速为600 r/min时,腐蚀时间由48 h进行到144 h,在无沙条件下,质量几乎没有变化,甚至有微小的增量;当含沙量为0.3%时,涂层的质量损失较为明显,冲蚀144 h后,质量损失达73.71 g/m2。结论 当含沙量一定,且冲刷速度较低时,腐蚀主要以电化学作用为主,提高转速,腐蚀速率加快。当转速一定时,腐蚀速率增大。在含沙量很高的情况下,腐蚀情况稍有减缓。     

可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术用于火灾探测——初步试验

以火灾燃烧过程中产生的气体作为参数,可以大大提高火灾探测的早期性。测量气体浓度的方法有很多,可调谐半导体激光吸收光变更技术(tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy,TD-LAS)由于其高选择性、高灵敏度和高分辨率的特点而越来越受到重视。描述了火灾特征气体CO和CO2的选取,设计了一套基于TDLAS原理的火灾探测系统,通过扣除背景噪声谱线以及对激光强度信号进行拟合,可以提高火灾探测的有效性。验证了系统对CO和CO2能够很好响应并且具有较好的线性关系,系统长时间运行稳定可靠,能够满足火灾探测的要求。