合金钢组合辙叉轨下刚度对其安全性影响评估

为研究轨下刚度对合金钢组合辙叉安全性能的影响规律,并选取合适的刚度值,用以指导生产设计,以12号单开道岔合金钢组合辙叉为研究对象,建立辙叉整体模型及叉心模型。基于有限单元法,分析不同轨下刚度对列车动荷载作用下辙叉的受力及变形的影响规律,且对叉心燕尾部位进行疲劳检算。结果表明,随轨下刚度增加,列车对钢轨的冲击荷载逐渐增大,钢轨所受内部拉应力及竖向变形逐渐减小。经比较,刚度值选择50 kN/mm为宜,此时,叉心燕尾处应力及疲劳检算结果显示辙叉可以满足安全使用要求。综合各安全性指标选取合适的合金钢组合辙叉轨下刚度,有助于保证辙叉自身强度和行车安全性,以改善其使用性能,延长使用寿命。     

中日规范中关于液化和侧向扩流场地桥梁桩基抗震设计考虑之比较

评述了我国液化场地和侧向扩流场地桥梁桩基抗震设计规范.总结了中日两国液化场地和侧向扩流场地桥梁桩基的抗震设计方法与技术细节,阐述了日本规范中液化场地和侧向扩流场地桥梁桩基抗震设计中的液化地基土反力折减系数的确定方法,以及土体液化侧向扩流对桩作用力的计算模式.指出我国规范中在液化和侧向扩流场地桩的抗震分析方法、不同土层分...     

基于三维动力学模型及试验数据重用技术的全箭模态分析

目的在运载火箭设计过程中,获得精确的全箭模态数据,为火箭总体设计提供关键输入参数。方法针对全箭动特性数据的高效高精度获取问题,提出并实践基于三维动力学模型和试验数据重用相结合的模态参数获取方法,包括高精度全箭三维动力学模型建模技术、数据重用技术、多状态模型修正技术、模型综合技术。结果解决了界面连接刚度未知条件下的全箭模态精确预示难题。在设计阶段给出了高精度的动特性数据,分析结果与靶场试验结果比对,一阶弯曲频率误差在2%以内,斜率误差在4%以内,分析结果通过了靶场竖立模态试验验证,最后进一步通过型号首飞成功验证。结论靶场竖立模态试验验证和型号首飞成功验证说明提出的获取全箭动特性参数方法高效可靠。     

埋地塑料排水管在市政工程中的应用及存在问题

分析了埋地塑料排水管的发展背景,介绍了当前常见埋地塑料排水管的种类、性能等特点,指出了塑料管材在市政排水工程应用中存在的问题及解决办法,预测了我国埋地塑料排水管发展趋势和前景.     

Predicting River Floodplain and Lateral Channel Migration for Salmon Habitat Conservation1

Abstract: In this article, we describe a method for predicting floodplain locations and potential lateral channel migration across 82,900 km (491 km² by bankfull area) of streams in the Columbia River basin. Predictions are based on channel confinement, channel slope, bankfull width, and bankfull depth derived from digital elevation and precipitation data. Half of the 367 km² (47,900 km by length) of low‐gradient channels (≤ 4% channel slope) were classified as floodplain channels with a high likelihood of lateral channel migration (182 km², 50%). Classification agreement between modeled and field‐measured floodplain confinement was 85% (κ = 0.46, p < 0.001) with the largest source of error being the misclassification of unconfined channels as confined (55% omission error). Classification agreement between predicted channel migration and lateral migration determined from aerial photographs was 76% (κ = 0.53, p < 0.001) with the largest source of error being the misclassification of laterally migrating channels as non‐migrating (35% omission error). On average, more salmon populations were associated with laterally migrating channels and floodplains than with confined or nonmigrating channels. These data are useful for many river basin planning applications, including identification of land use impacts to floodplain habitats and locations with restoration potential for listed salmonids or other species of concern.     

Taphonomic evidence for high-speed adapted fins in thunniform ichthyosaurs

Ichthyosaurs have been compared with the fast-swimming thunniform groups of marine vertebrates, tuna, lamnid sharks, and dolphins, based on similarity of shape of the body and locomotory organs. In addition to shape, high-tensile stiffness of the control surfaces has been shown to be essential in maximizing hydrodynamic efficiency in extant thunniform swimmers. To date, there has been no evidence of a stiffening support system for the dorsal fin and dorsal lobe of the caudal fin in ichthyosaurs, the sole stiffening structure of the ventral lobe being an extension of the vertebral column along its leading edge. Stenopterygius SMF 457 is arguably the best soft-tissue preserved ichthyosaur specimen known. Here, we examine soft-tissue preservation in this specimen in the control surfaces and provide the first evidence of a complex architecture of stiff fibers in the dorsal and caudal fins. We find by comparisons and by analogy that these fibers provided a remarkable mechanism for high tensile stiffness and efficiency of the locomotory organs virtually identical to that of the great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias. It is the first mechanostructural study of the control surfaces of a Jurassic ichthyosaur that adds essential evidence in support of the view that these forms were high-speed thunniform swimmers.     

不同水耕年限稻田土壤水分运动特征研究

利用田间染色示踪和室内样品分析相结合的方法,研究了江汉平原不同水耕年限稻田土壤水分运动特征及其影响因素,期望为制定合理的稻田水分管理措施提供科学依据。结果表明:新稻田(水耕17a)与老稻田(水耕大于100a)土壤理化性质差异显著,引发土壤剖面内不同水分运动特征。新稻田垂直渗漏较老稻田明显,表现为新稻田有更大的染色深度。老稻田染色区域主要集中在耕作层,染色面积为48.52%;犁底层和底土层染色面积较小,仅为3.17%和0.2%。除耕作层外,新稻田其他土层染色面积均大于老稻田,且优先流特征较老稻田明显。老稻田侧向水分运动较新稻田强烈,其侧流剖面的染色面积(15.35%)显著高于新稻田(8.45%),老稻田侧向水流主要发生在犁底层以上。为减少稻田水分渗漏损失,老稻田可以通过减少农田-田埂-沟渠过渡区侧渗实现,而新稻田可采取少量多次的灌溉原则。     

西安市白鹿塬滑坡特征及成因分析

白鹿塬位于西安市东南部,白鹿塬滑坡给当地居民的生活造成了很大的困难,也制约着当地经济的可持续发展。白鹿塬滑坡在空间分布上主要集中在以下3个区域:白鹿塬的灞河一侧,河的古刘村一带,鲸鱼沟边。其中,灞河一侧几乎全为滑坡发生区,成群分布。在对西安市白鹿塬滑坡所处地质环境条件调查的基础上,运用地质与遥感方法总结了白鹿塬滑坡特征,认为白鹿塬边较大的地形差异、地层的二元结构、河流的侧蚀作用及人为的削脚是白鹿塬滑坡形成的主要原因。遥感影像图上,滑坡区塬缘处呈现弧形陡坎状,滑坡区坡体较碎,坡体上冲沟发育,有双沟交汇现象;非滑坡区较平整,与塬面浑然一体。表明遥感影像在反映滑坡体方面很有效。     

PCC桩水平承载特性足尺模型试验与数值模拟

通过进行大型模型槽足尺模型试验,根据桩身变形和桩身弯矩的试验结果,分析了水平荷载作用下现浇混凝土大直径管桩(以下简称PCC桩)的水平承载特性和桩-土共同作用性状。采用大型通用有限元软件ABAQUS对PCC桩的水平承载特性进行了数值模拟,计算结果与试验结果符合得较好,并进一步探讨了PCC桩水平承载特性的主要影响因素。结果表明:表层土体的弹性模量对水平受力性状影响较大,表层土体的厚度对桩身水平位移也有较大影响,因此可以通过改良表层土体来控制桩身水平位移,以达到工程设计要求;土体强度参数对水平承载特性也有影响,尤其是内摩擦角和粘聚力较小时更为明显。     

考虑玻璃结构的上海中心大厦幕墙大震弹塑性分析

常规的幕墙抗震设计,往往只考虑玻璃质量对幕墙整体的影响而忽略玻璃刚度,将玻璃结构转化为等效质量施加于幕墙支撑结构进行抗震分析。然而,当幕墙结构承受大震作用时,幕墙支撑结构已进入塑性状态,将产生较大变形,此时玻璃刚度将在一定程度上影响幕墙整体刚度。尤其是对于复杂的超高层幕墙结构,玻璃刚度对幕墙整体刚度的影响具有一定的未知性,需要深入研究。针对这一问题,本文依托上海中心大厦幕墙结构,研究了考虑玻璃结构的幕墙大震下的弹塑性响应,并将其与未考虑玻璃结构的响应进行对比分析。结果表明,玻璃结构对建筑主体结构影响较少,对幕墙结构层间位移角抑制明显,从而减少了支撑结构内力;对高楼层,加速度放大系数有一定抑制作用,但对低楼层,加速度放大系数抑制作用有限。