水化氯铝酸钙对土壤铬的钝化修复及风险评估

本研究采集我国棕壤、红壤、黄壤、黑土和褐土5种典型土壤，制备成Cr （VI）浓度为80mg/kg的污染样品，首次应用极具潜力的层状双金属氢氧化物——水化氯铝酸钙对其进行钝化修复，并从土壤特定基本理化性质以及Cr的赋存形态、生态风险以及健康风险等方面对修复效果进行综合评价，对相关机理进行深入探讨，对使用成本进行简析.结果表明，水化氯铝酸钙可显著增加土壤pH值，并有效降低土壤Cr的活跃性、生态风险和健康风险；土壤Cr的活跃性降幅为59.09%~79.22%，生态风险降幅为14.17%~57.66%，在胃阶段和小肠阶段的健康风险（致癌风险）降幅分别为13.04%~63.04%和22.73%~56.60%.土壤Cr的赋存形态中，除了活跃态以外，修复前后均有部分不活跃态具有生态风险或健康风险.水化氯铝酸钙除了可将活跃态Cr转化到不活跃的沉淀态中，部分或完全地降低其生态风险或健康风险外，还能在一定程度上控制某些土壤中其余不活跃态Cr在毒性浸出实验或in vitro试验中的溶出.在相对最优使用量（m_Cr：m_{水化氯铝酸钙}=1：20）条件下，水化氯铝酸钙钝化修复1m³的Cr （VI）含量为80mg/kg的实际污染建设用地土壤，其试剂成本约为6.4元.作为新型Cr污染土壤钝化修复剂，水化氯铝酸钙有望为我国土壤环境质量和人群健康质量的改善做出贡献.     

航空装备研制风险的综合赋权-双基点法评估

为实现对航空预研项目技术风险的定量评估,建立技术风险评价指标体系,建立基于综合赋权和双基点方法的综合评估模型,采用层次分析法(AHP)求得主观权重,熵值赋权法求得客观权重,运用线性规划方法求得对2类权重加权的权值,构造综合权重;使用正负理想点间的投影距离代替传统的相对欧式距离对TOPSIS方法进行改进;实例分析中,通过对某航空预研项目5种不同的方案进行风险评估,得出各方案的优劣度,选出了较为优化的技术方案,该方法可用于指导其他装备研制风险的评估。     

镍铝层状氧化物薄膜电极的制备及其除盐性能

水滑石不仅是一种重要的水处理吸附剂,而且在超级电容器方面有广泛应用.本研究采用原位生长法,由泡沫镍作为基体并提供镍源,在泡沫镍表面合成了镍铝复合氧化物(Ni Al-MMO)薄膜即类水滑石煅烧产物.所制得的Ni Al-MMO薄膜电极的电化学性质稳定、电容量高,此薄膜电极的单位质量的比电容量可高达667 F·g-1.对此电极进行电容除盐性能研究,结果表明,增加电压和弱碱性p H环境有利于该电极除盐;初始浓度为0.003 mol·L-1的情况下,最佳工作条件为:电压1.0 V、p H值为8,在此时除盐效率可达58.17%.电极反接可使吸附饱和的电极材料迅速再生,脱附率可达87.96%.本研究为废水中盐离子的去除提供了新的技术选择.     

Mg/Al水滑石微波共沉淀法合成及其对BrO3-吸附性能的研究

采用微波共沉淀法和普通共沉淀法合成了Mg/Al水滑石,分别记做Mg/Al LDHs-MW和Mg/Al LDHs-H.通过XRD、BET、SEM和FT-IR等手段对Mg/Al水滑石结构进行表征.结果表明,微波共沉淀法合成的水滑石结晶度较好、粒径较小,孔径为41.13 nm,粒径为427.08 nm.序批次实验考察了投加量、溶液pH值和再生次数等因素对溴酸根(BrO-3)吸附性能的影响.结果表明,Mg/Al水滑石吸附BrO-3过程可用准二级动力学模型描述,吸附规律符合Langmuir等温吸附方程.对比Mg/Al LDHs-H的饱和吸附量(q0=288.74μg·g-1),Mg/Al LDHs-MW对BrO-3具有更强的吸附能力(q0=321.26μg·g-1).在动态连续流条件下,利用Thomas模型模拟3组Mg/Al LDHs-MW对BrO-3的动态吸附数据,拟合得到吸附柱最大的吸附容量为288.81μg·g-1.当填料高度为10 cm,进水浓度为800μg·L-1,进水流量为4.0 mL·min-1时,模型的相关性系数为0.92,表明实验数据与模拟穿透曲线吻合.     

Metal composition of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) regulating ClO4- adsorption to calcined LDHs via the memory effect and hydrogen bonding

A series of calcined carbonate layered double hydroxides （CLDHs） with various metal compositions and different M^2＋/M^3＋ ratios were prepared as adsorbents for perchlorate. Adsorption isotherms fit Langmuir model well, and the adsorption amount followed the order of MgA1-CLDHs 1〉 MgFeCLDHs 〉〉 ZnA1-CLDHs. The isotherms of MgA1-CLDHs and MgFe-CLDHs displayed a two-step shape at low and high concentration ranges and increased with an increase in the M^2＋/M^3＋ ratio from 2 to 4. The two-step isotherm was not observed for ZnA1-CLDHs, and the adsorption was minimally affected by the M^2＋/M^3＋ ratio. The LDHs, CLDHs and the reconstructed samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, SEM, FT-IR and Raman spectra to delineate the analysis of perchlorate adsorption mechanisms. The perchlorate adsorption of MgA1-CLDHs and MgFe-CLDHs was dominated by the structural memory effect and the hydrogen bonds between the free hydroxyl groups on the reconstructed-LDHs and the oxygen atoms of the perchlorates. For ZnAI-CLDHs, the perchlorate adsorption was controlled by the structural memory effect only, as the hydroxyl groups on the hydroxide layers preferred to form strong hydrogen bonds with carbonate over perchlorate, which locked the intercalated perchlorate into a more confined nano-interlayer. Several distinct binding mechanisms of perchlorate by CLDHs with unique M^2＋ ions were proposed.     

农村居民点用地问题研究--以安徽宣城市为例

引入距离指数、分散度等定量指标,采用定性与定量相结合的方法,从用地数量、布局等方面对宣城市农村居民点用地现状进行了阐述,在此基础上对农村居民点用地存在的主要问题进行了深入分析与探讨,并针对存在的问题提出相应的对策及建议.其研究结果不但为农村居民点用地整理的开展、农村社区生态环境的改善等提供了理论参考,而且对土地利用总体规划的修编提供了重要参考价值.     

海底悬跨管道表面双裂纹数值分析

为了研究海底油气管道多个裂纹间相互作用对管道产生的影响,针对海底悬跨管道表面双裂纹的相互作用,采用有限元方法建立双环向表面裂纹模型,采用围道积分法求解双裂纹下的应力强度因子,研究了不同边界条件下,不同尺寸裂纹间的相互影响规律,并对比了单裂纹下应力强度因子的变化情况。研究结果表明:不同尺寸的裂纹对双裂纹的相互影响规律有一定影响,且双裂纹应力强度因子最大值均出现在裂纹最深点处;弹簧边界下双裂纹相互影响规律与简单边界下相互影响规律明显不同;不同边界条件对悬跨管道双裂纹应力强度因子的影响较大。研究结果可为海底悬跨管道的失效分析提供参考依据。     

Experimental study on microalgae cultivation in novel photobioreactor of concentric double tubes with aeration pores along tube length direction

Microalgae have been identified as a superior feedstock for biodiesel production and varied tubular photobioreactors are developed for high efficient and scale-up microalgae cultivation. This article presented a novel concentric double tubes using aeration through radial pores along the length direction of inner tube. Experiments on microalgae cultivation were carried out in the novel photobioreactor, and two control groups including concentric double tubes with axial aeration at both ends and common tubular. The biomass productivity of novel photobioreactor increased by 43.6% and 107.4%, respectively, compared with concentric double tubes with axial aeration at both ends and common tubular without aeration. The values of pH shifted from 7.5 to 9.0 for novel photobioreactor, but 7.5 to 8.8 for common tubular, and 7.5 to 9.6 for concentric double tubes with axial aeration. The dissolved oxygen concentration fluctuated between 6.0 and 7.0 mg·L^?1 for novel photobioreactor, but rose from 6.6 to 10.2 mg·L^?1 for the common tubular, and 6.9 to 8.1 mg·L^?1 for the concentric with axial aeration. Results show that the aeration style of novel photobioreactor can make efficient local mixing and maintain smaller range of pH and lower level of dissolved oxygen in case of higher biomass concentration. Moreover, compared with the two control groups, the novel concentric double tubes have advantages on the light/dark cycle frequency, which may be benefit for microalgae cultivation. The novel concentric double tubes presented in this work can give some inspiration for high efficiency microalgae cultivation.