中国现行湿地恢复补偿的制度悖论

科学合理的制度安排必然是建立在对现存制度不合理的批判之上。湿地恢复补偿制度改革必须以现行湿地恢复补偿制度的现实性存在为基础和出发点,通过对现行湿地恢复补偿制度设计的目标和制度缺陷进行理性分析,为新的湿地恢复补偿制度设计与安排提供价值坐标,以保障湿地恢复补偿制度价值的实现。现行湿地恢复补偿制度规定存在着合法性、合理性和权威性等诸多悖论,成为湿地恢复补偿实践产生冲突的制度根源,并已构成当前环境友好型和资源节约型社会实践推进的严重障碍。     

截污后深圳河落马洲段大型底栖动物群落的恢复过程

2000年4月至2002年4月,对截污前后的深圳河落马洲段大型底栖动物进行两周年的季度监测.结果表明,截污前深圳河落马洲段没有发现大型底栖动物;截污后大型底栖动物种数、密度、生物量和种类多样性指数(H′)有随时间推移呈增加的趋势;截污后底泥中硫化物、总氮、总磷随时间推移呈下降趋势.由此可见,截污后深圳河落马洲段大型底栖动物从无到有,种数、密度和生物量从少到多,群落结构处于向多样性恢复的过程中.图6表2参11     

乡土植物在广梧高速公路生态绿化中的应用

绿化关系到高速公路的长期效益,是生态高速公路建设的重要内容。广梧高速公路的生态绿化,以利用乡土植物为原则,模拟自然生态系统的组成和结构,实现公路景观与周边自然景观的和谐统一。对广梧高速公路双凤至平台段的自然条件、植被类型及植物种类进行了全面调查,结果显示该地域共有维管束植物342种,隶属于95科244属,然后结合植物本身的生物学、生态学及生理学特征,从中筛选出适于本段高速公路两侧绿化带、边坡绿化的乡土植物53种;并根据沿线具体的生境条件,按照群落学的原则对其组合应用进行了设计。     

1995-2004年河北省生态足迹分析与生态恢复措施

生态足迹从具体的生物物理量角度研究自然资本消费的空间,为核算地区自然资本利用状况提供简明框架,进而可判断区域可持续发展状态。河北省正大力实施可持续发展战略,但在绿色战略问题上还面临一些难题。文章利用生态足迹模型,对河北省1995—2004年的生态足迹进行了时间序列的测度以及可持续发展的定量测算,根据计算结果进行分析提出相应对策。结果表明,10年间河北省的人均生态足迹增长率达47.9%,赤字增长率达58.5%,人类负荷超过其生态容量,生态承载力严重不能满足生态足迹的需求,区域的经济社会发展处于一种不可持续的发展状。从而加深了对河北省可持续发展状况的认识,对生态建设决策提供科学依据,并提出河北省生态恢复的措施。     

Planting gardens to support insect pollinators

Global insect pollinator declines have prompted habitat restoration efforts, including pollinator-friendly gardening. Gardens can provide nectar and pollen for adult insects and offer reproductive resources, such as nesting sites and caterpillar host plants. We conducted a review and meta-analysis to examine how decisions made by gardeners on plant selection and garden maintenance influence pollinator survival, abundance, and diversity. We also considered characteristics of surrounding landscapes and the impacts of pollinator natural enemies. Our results indicated that pollinators responded positively to high plant species diversity, woody vegetation, garden size, and sun exposure and negatively to the separation of garden habitats from natural sites. Within-garden features more strongly influenced pollinators than surrounding landscape factors. Growing interest in gardening for pollinators highlights the need to better understand how gardens contribute to pollinator conservation and how some garden characteristics can enhance the attractiveness and usefulness of gardens to pollinators. Further studies examining pollinator reproduction, resource acquisition, and natural enemies in gardens and comparing gardens with other restoration efforts and to natural habitats are needed to increase the value of human-made habitats for pollinators.     

生态浮床技术处理景观水体试验研究

采用生态浮床的形式,将黄菖蒲、美人蕉生态栽培植物单作、混作,根据植物的生长状况和植物对水体中氮磷等污染有机物的去除特征、去除率探明黄菖蒲、美人蕉处理城市景观水体的净化效果。经过60 d 的试验研究发现,植物生长良好,氮磷及有机污染物质得到有效去除。结果表明,单作黄菖蒲比单作美人蕉更能有效去除氮营养元素,对 TN 的去除率可达69．4％;单作美人蕉比单作黄菖蒲更能有效去除磷营养元素,对 TP 的去除率可达70．5％;混作 TN 、TP 的去除率分别为47．8％、56．8％,去除氨氮、高锰酸盐效果比单作更明显。     

恢复生态学的理论基础、关键技术与应用前景

从群落自然演替的理论出发,指出生态系统的退化并不是不可逆的。恢复生态学阐述了在被破坏的生态系统自然演替的过程中,可以通过人为手段加以调控,改变演替的方向和速度,缩短生态恢复的时间过程的理论。作者指出生态恢复并不一定恢复原状,而是根据自然和社会条件恢复或重建生态系统的结构和功能,并使之达到自维持状态。生物种类及其生长介质的丧失或改变是影响生态恢复的主要障碍,因此,提出选择适合植物种类改造介质和利用物理、化学方法直接改良介质等生态恢复的关键技术。根据我国现实的环境、社会、经济情况提出生态恢复工程技术产业化的问题,并列举了详细数据和成功的范例     

城市湿地水生植物对附生轮虫多样性的影响

于2021年6~10月对海珠湿地连通水系水区及三类水生植物体表附生的轮虫群落结构开展研究,分析水生植物附生轮虫多样性及群落动态特征.研究期间共记录轮虫70种,其中水生植物水区最多,记录47种.水生植物均有大量轮虫附生,变化范围在108~5826ind./gdw之间,且附生轮虫丰度呈现沉水植物>浮叶植物>挺水植物的变化趋势.水生植物附生群落、无植物水区和水生植物栽培区3种生境轮虫群落物种组成差异明显.水生植物附生群落中游动能力较弱的腔轮虫、镜轮虫、鞍甲轮虫等敏感类群占据优势,而无水生植物区和水生植物水区群落中以游泳能力较强的多肢轮属、龟纹轮属和臂尾轮属等耐污类群占据优势.3类型水生植物附生轮虫群落Shannon-Weiner多样性指数与Pielou’s均匀性指数均显著高于无植物栽培水区(P<0.05).3类水生植物均为轮虫提供了生境支持,有效提高城市湿地生态系统生物多样性.     

Assessing Potential Removal of Low-Head Dams in Urban Settings: An Example from the Ottawa River,NW Ohio

This is a study of the scientific component of an effort to restore an urban river by removing a low-head dam. The Secor Dam is owned by a local government entity near Toledo, Ohio. The proposed removal of the last structure impeding flow on the Ottawa River has broad appeal, but the owner is concerned about liability issues, particularly potential changes to the flood regime, the presence of contaminated sediments behind the dam, and possible downstream transport of reservoir sediments. Assessing sediment contamination involved sediment sampling and analysis of trace metals and organic contaminants. Forecasting sediment transport involved field methods to determine the volume and textural properties of reservoir and upstream sediment and calculations to determine the fate of reservoir sediments. Forecasting changes in the flood regime involved HEC-RAS hydrological models to determine before and after dam removal flood scenarios using LiDAR data imported into an ArcGIS database. The resulting assessment found potential sediment contamination to be minor, and modeling showed that the removal of the dam would have minimal impacts on sediment transport and flood hazards. Based on the assessment, the removal of the dam has been approved by its owners.     

Can Warmwater Streams Be Rehabilitated Using Watershed-Scale Standard Erosion Control Measures Alone?

Degradation of warmwater streams in agricultural landscapes is a pervasive problem, and reports of restoration effectiveness based on monitoring data are rare. Described is the outcome of rehabilitation of two deeply incised, unstable sand-and-gravel-bed streams. Channel networks of both watersheds were treated using standard erosion control measures, and aquatic habitats within 1-km-long reaches of each stream were further treated by addition of instream structures and planting woody vegetation on banks (“habitat rehabilitation”). Fish and their habitats were sampled semiannually during 1–2 years before rehabilitation, 3–4 years after rehabilitation, and 10–11 years after rehabilitation. Reaches with only erosion control measures located upstream from the habitat measure reaches and in similar streams in adjacent watersheds were sampled concurrently. Sediment concentrations declined steeply throughout both watersheds, with means ≥40% lower during the post-rehabilitation period than before. Physical effects of habitat rehabilitation were persistent through time, with pool habitat availability much higher in rehabilitated reaches than elsewhere. Fish community structure responded with major shifts in relative species abundance: as pool habitats increased after rehabilitation, small-bodied generalists and opportunists declined as certain piscivores and larger-bodied species such as centrarchids and catostomids increased. Reaches without habitat rehabilitation were significantly shallower, and fish populations there were similar to the rehabilitated reaches prior to treatment. These findings are applicable to incised, warmwater streams draining agricultural watersheds similar to those we studied. Rehabilitation of warmwater stream ecosystems is possible with current knowledge, but a major shift in stream corridor management strategies will be needed to reverse ongoing degradation trends. Apparently, conventional channel erosion controls without instream habitat measures are ineffective tools for ecosystem restoration in incised, warmwater streams of the Southeastern U.S., even if applied at the watershed scale and accompanied by significant reductions in suspended sediment concentration.