一种新型Fenton-流化床催化剂的制备及表征

非均相Fenton-流化床体系主要使用石英砂作为催化剂载体,该技术的实际应用由于催化剂活性寿命低、制备困难等原因而受到限制.提出了一种新型的Fenton-流化床催化剂——负载氧化铁陶粒.使用循环浸泡法制备的负载陶粒对苯甲酸模拟废水的处理效果良好.表征结果分析表明,载体表面铁含量大幅度上升,负载的氧化铁紧紧包裹在陶粒表面,且表面有大量缝隙,利于增加反应比表面积,而密度变化不大.该催化剂的催化活性重复性良好,重复使用4次后对苯甲酸模拟废水依然有较好的处理效果.使用该催化剂进行垃圾渗滤液的降解实验能在一定程度上减少亚铁的投加量,具有较好的实际应用前景.     

臭氧氧化法深度处理生活垃圾焚烧厂沥滤液

采用臭氧氧化法对生活垃圾焚烧厂沥滤液经生化处理后的废水(称沥滤液生化处理水)进行深度处理。实验结果表明,COD降解速率随废水pH的提高明显增加,其中pH=10.5时的COD降解速率常数约为pH=4时的5.8倍。在臭氧投量为52.92 mg/min、pH=10.5的条件下反应70 min后,UV254和COD去除率分别达到84.7%和59.3%。向反应体系投加叔丁醇后COD去除率下降了约15%,由羟自由基氧化去除的COD占总COD去除量的26.7%。毒性实验结果表明,沥滤液生化处理水的96 h-EC50为38%,经臭氧氧化进一步处理后出水的96 h-EC50为77%,表明经臭氧深度处理后沥滤液生化处理水的毒性明显降低。     

Case study of landfill leachate recirculation using small-diameter vertical wells

A case study of landfill liquids addition using small diameter (5 cm) vertical wells is reported. More than 25,000 m³ of leachate was added via 134 vertical wells installed 3 m, 12 m, and 18 m deep over five years in a landfill in Florida, US. Liquids addition performance (flow rate per unit screen length per unit liquid head) ranged from 5.6 × 10^?8 to 3.6 × 10^?6 m³ s^?1 per m screen length per m liquid head. The estimated radial hydraulic conductivity ranged from 3.5 × 10^?6 to 4.2 × 10^?4 m s^?1. The extent of lateral moisture movement ranged from 8 to 10 m based on the responses of moisture sensors installed around vertical well clusters, and surface seeps were found to limit the achievable liquids addition rates, despite the use of concrete collars under a pressurized liquids addition scenario. The average moisture content before (51 samples) and after (272 samples) the recirculation experiments were 23% (wet weight basis) and 45% (wet weight basis), respectively, and biochemical methane potential measurements of excavated waste indicated significant (p < 0.025) decomposition.     

Multi-response optimization of Fenton process for applicability assessment in landfill leachate treatment

Fenton process, as a pretreatment method, was found to be effective in the primary treatment of mature/medium landfill leachate. However, the main problem of the process is the large amount of produced sludge that requires an accurate feasibility evaluation for operational applications. In this study, the response surface methodology was applied for the modeling and optimization of Fenton process in three target responses, (1) overall COD removal, (2) sludge to iron ratio (SIR) and (3) organics removal to sludge ratio (ORSR), where the latter two were new self-defined responses for prediction of sludge generation and applicability assessment of the process, respectively. The effective variables included the initial pH, [H₂O₂]/[Fe²⁺] ratio and Fe²⁺ dosage. According to the statistical analysis, all the proposed models were adequate (with adjusted R² of 0.9116–0.9512) and had considerable predictive capability (with prediction R² up to 0.9092 and appropriate adequate precision). It was found that all the variables had significant effects on the responses, specifically by their observed role in dominant oxidation mechanism. The optimum operational conditions obtained by overlay plot, were found to be initial pH of 5.7, [H₂O₂]/[Fe²⁺] ratio of 17.72 and [Fe²⁺] of 195 mM, which led to 69% COD removal, 2.4 (l sludge/consumed mole Fe²⁺) of SIR and 16.5 (gCOD removed/l produced sludge) for ORSR in verification test, in accordance with models-predicted values. Finally, it was observed that [H₂O₂]/[Fe²⁺] ratio and Fe²⁺ dosage had significant influence on COD removal, while Fe²⁺ dosage and [H₂O₂]/[Fe²⁺] ratio had remarkable effects on SIR and ORSR responses, respectively.     

Inorganic nitrogen transformations in the treatment of landfill leachate with a high ammonium load: A case study

The inorganic nitrogen transformations occurring at a municipal waste leachate treatment facility were investigated. The treatment facility consisted of a collection well and an artificial wetland between two aeration ponds. The first aeration pond showed a decrease in ammonium (from 3480 (± 120) to 630(± 90) mg ⋅ L⁻¹), a reduction in inorganic nitrogen load (3480 to 1680 mg N ⋅ L⁻¹), and an accumulation of nitrite (< 1.3 mg-N ⋅ L⁻¹ in the collection well, to 1030 mg-N ⋅ L⁻¹). Incomplete ammonium oxidation was presumably the result of the low concentration of carbonate alkalinity (∼2 mg ⋅ L⁻¹), which may cause a limitation in the ammonium oxidation rate of nitrifiers. Low carbonate alkalinity levels may have been the result of stripping of CO₂ from the first aeration pond at the high aeration rates and low pH. Various chemodenitrification mechanisms are discussed as the reason for the reduction in the inorganic nitrogen load, including; the reduction of nitrite by iron (II) (producing various forms of gaseous nitrogen); and reactions involving nitrous acid. It is suggested that the accumulation of nitrite may be the result of inhibition of nitrite oxidizers by nitrous acid and low temperatures. Relative to the first aeration pond, the speciation and concentration of inorganic nitrogen was stable in the wetlands and 2nd aeration pond. The limited denitrification in the wetlands most probably occurred due to low concentrations of organic carbon, and short retention times.     

垃圾渗滤液中氨氮去除技术评价及应用

垃圾卫生填埋过程中会产生有毒有害的垃圾渗滤液。垃圾渗滤液中的高氨氮对环境及后续生物处理过程造成了严重的影响。本文介绍了几种去除垃圾渗滤液氨氮的技术,并对这些技术进行了评估,分析了这些技术工程应用的特点,同时指出了垃圾渗滤液中氨氮去除技术工程应用的发展方向。     

准好氧填埋渗滤液中氮转化机理

依据准好氧填埋的原理构建了填埋试验装置,在填埋装置各个层次设计采样装置.定期采集渗滤液进行分析,测定各个层次区域渗滤液中氨氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮和总氮的质量浓度,分析各形态氮之间的变化规律与相关性,初步探讨氮转化的机理.结果表明,准好氧填埋上层区域中,渗滤液的氨氮与硝态氮质量浓度变化相关性极显著;中层和下层区域由于处于兼氧和厌氧状态,硝化作用较弱,渗滤液中氨氮与硝态氮质量浓度变化相关性不显著.上层渗滤液中氨氮与总氮相关性不显著,中层和下层氨氮与总氮相关性极显著,表明中层和下层区域中,渗滤液的氨氮质量浓度变化是导致总氮含量变化的主要贡献因素.     

微波催化氧化法处理垃圾渗滤液的正交试验

在微波辐射条件下,采用活性炭与Fenton试剂处理垃圾渗滤液,并通过正交试验考察了微波辐射时间、pH、活性炭用量、硫酸亚铁用量和H2O2用量对处理效果的影响.结果表明:pH对处理效果的影响最大,其次为活性炭用量、微波辐射时间、硫酸亚铁用量和H2O2用量;在100 mL水样中,最佳处理条件为活性炭2 g、H2O20.2 mL、硫酸亚铁0.834 g、pH 6、微波辐射时间10 min,垃圾渗滤液中的COD去除率达到75.36%.     

Taxonomic and functional variations in the microbial community during the upgrade process of a full-scale landfill leachate treatment plant – from conventional to partial nitrification-denitrification

• Upgrade process was investigated in a full-scale landfill leachate treatment plant. • The optimization of DO can technically achieve the shift from CND to PND process. • Nitrosomonas was mainly responsible for ammonium oxidation in PND system. • An obviously enrichment of Thauera was found in the PND process. • Enhanced metabolic potentials on organics was found during the process update. Because of the low access to biodegradable organic substances used for denitrification, the partial nitrification-denitrification process has been considered as a low-cost, sustainable alternative for landfill leachate treatment. In this study, the process upgrade from conventional to partial nitrification-denitrification was comprehensively investigated in a full-scale landfill leachate treatment plant (LLTP). The partial nitrification-denitrification system was successfully achieved through the optimizing dissolved oxygen and the external carbon source, with effluent nitrogen concentrations lower than 150 mg/L. Moreover, the upgrading process facilitated the enrichment of Nitrosomonas (abundance increased from 0.4% to 3.3%), which was also evidenced by increased abundance of amoA/B/C genes carried by Nitrosomonas. Although Nitrospira (accounting for 0.1%–0.6%) was found to stably exist in the reactor tank, considerable nitrite accumulation occurred in the reactor (reaching 98.8 mg/L), indicating high-efficiency of the partial nitrification process. Moreover, the abundance of Thauera, the dominant denitrifying bacteria responsible for nitrite reduction, gradually increased from 0.60% to 5.52% during the upgrade process. This process caused great changes in the microbial community, inducing continuous succession of heterotrophic bacteria accompanied by enhanced metabolic potentials toward organic substances. The results obtained in this study advanced our understanding of the operation of a partial nitrification-denitrification system and provided a technical case for the upgrade of currently existing full-scale LLTPs.     

垃圾渗滤液特性分析及Fenton预处理研究

利用Fenton—混凝沉淀法预处理广西某垃圾焚烧发电厂和垃圾填埋场的垃圾渗滤液,对Fenton试剂以及混凝沉淀进行了单因素分析,分别研究了垃圾渗滤液在不同的n[Fe2+]/n[H2O2]、H2O2投加量、FeSO4投加量、pH值、反应时间、PAC投加量等条件下的处理效果。结果表明:垃圾渗滤液经Fenton—混凝预处理,对COD、色度、SS处理效果好,对NH3—N去除效果不明显;渗滤液的可生化性有所提高,可进行后续生化处理。