磷酸铵镁法去除垃圾渗滤液中高浓度氨氮的研究

采用磷酸铵镁(MAP)法去除垃圾渗滤液中的高浓度氨氮,对影响氨氮去除率的各个因素进行了研究.结果表明,MgC12与K2 HPO4的组合对氨氮去除效果最好,各因素对氨氮去除率的影响为磷氮比(以摩尔比计,镁氮比同)＞初始pH＞搅拌时间＞搅拌速率＞镁氮比.通过单因素试验得到MAP法的适宜条件:磷氮比1.2,初始pH 9.50,搅拌时间4 min,搅拌速率100r/min,镁氮比1.1,此时氨氮的去除率可达90％左右.在此条件下,获得的MgNH4PO4·6H2O(即鸟粪石)沉淀具有良好的沉降性能和脱水性能,出水pH在7.2～7.4.对经MAP法预处理的垃圾渗滤液出水进行一段时间的生物处理,工艺运行稳定,不存在曝气孔堵塞问题.     

城市污水厂污泥倾倒对海洋生物的毒性研究

以广州市和佛山市的5个城市污水处理厂的污泥为实验对象,选取费氏弧菌、蒙古裸腹溞、卤虫、裸项栉鰕虎鱼仔鱼4种不同营养级的海洋生物为受试对象,结合化学分析方法,研究广州区域周边污水污泥浸出液的生物毒性效应。结果显示各污水污泥浸出液的毒性均较大,且浸出液的Cu污染浓度较高;广州市污水污泥对4种受试生物的毒性效应要高于佛山市。从污泥毒性对受试生物的选择性方面分析,发现卤虫筛分能力强且灵敏度高,而费氏弧菌则相关性好且方法简捷。研究结果为反映城市污泥的生物毒性强度和选择合适毒性评价受试生物提供基础数据。     

垃圾渗滤液对蚕豆根尖细胞微核效应的研究

利用蚕豆根尖细胞微核测定技术对垃圾渗滤液的微核效应进行了监测．结果表明,填埋场垃圾的微核率为１２．７０×１０－３ ,渗滤液的微核率为（１６ ．７６ ～２９．５）×１０ －３ ．垃圾场底部０～１０ ｃｍ 处的土层已被污染,微核率为１５．３８ ×１０－３ ,与ＣＫ有显著性差异;而３０ ～４０ ｃｍ 处土层的微核率为７ ．６５ ×１０－３ ,与ＣＫ无显著性差异,提示该处土层对垃圾渗滤液中污染物向下迁移有拦截、净化作用．经过处理后的渗滤液的微核率明显降低．蚕豆根尖微核检测结果与化学分析结果相吻合,认为此法可用于对垃圾渗滤液污染状况进行生物监测．     

渗滤液回灌比例对好氧生物反应器填埋场稳定化进程的影响

为研究回灌比例对好氧生物反应器填埋场稳定化进程的影响,探讨了回灌比例为15%、20%、25%、30%和全回灌（体积分数）时,反应器所产渗滤液及填埋垃圾性质在不同回灌比例下变化的趋势,填埋周期为198 d。结果表明：回灌比例为25%的反应器所产渗滤液中的氨氮于135 d达到GB 16889-2008所规定的垃圾填埋场渗滤液氨氮排放浓度限值,较其他反应器提前3~49 d,整个填埋周期所产还原性有机物较其他回灌量低2.11%~20.16%;且有机垃圾降解速度最快,至填埋结束时,沉降率为75.13%,比其他反应器多0.87%~2.63%,总有机质和纤维素含量分别为48.47%和7.39%,较其他回灌比例分别低0.61%~5.52%和0.2%~0.64%,表明25%的回灌比例有利于快填埋场的稳定化进程。     

铝铁复合淀粉絮凝-微波/H2O2氧化协同处理垃圾渗滤液

针对垃圾渗滤液成分复杂、污染物浓度高、可生化性差等特点,采用铝铁复合淀粉(CAFS)絮凝-微波/H2O2联用技术对垃圾渗滤液进行处理,考察了初始pH、絮凝剂投加量、微波辐射反应时间和H2O2投加量等因素对处理水质的影响。结果表明,絮凝最佳反应条件为pH 6.0,投加量13 mL/L;微波/H2O2氧化的最佳反应条件为pH 3.0,30% H2O2 25 mL/L,温度70℃,反应时间5 min。在上述最佳条件下,单独CAFS絮凝、单独微波/H2O2和CAFS絮凝-微波/H2O2联用对垃圾渗滤液COD的去除率分别为32.3%、42.4%和85.7%,CAFS絮凝与微波/H2O2联用,可利用CAFS残余的Fe2+与H2O2构成Fenton氧化体系,实现絮凝与微波催化氧化工艺的耦合,两者起到很好的协同作用。     

垃圾渗滤液补充反硝化碳源强化脱氮效果

垃圾渗滤液中含有大量易被微生物利用的挥发性脂肪酸,若其可以作为城镇污水处理厂的补充碳源,将对降低碳源投加成本和实现垃圾渗滤液的资源化利用有重要意义。在实际城镇污水处理厂考察了垃圾渗滤液补充进水碳源的脱氮效果,并进一步对比了传统碳源(甲醇、乙酸钠)、垃圾渗滤液及垃圾渗滤液在不同pH条件下产生的水解酸化液作为碳源时的反硝化效果。结果表明,实际城镇污水处理厂投加乙酸钠作为补充碳源时总氮去除率仅提高3%左右,而在进水中混合垃圾渗滤液后提高了约10%。垃圾渗滤液与乙酸钠作碳源时NO3--N去除率均>97%,但垃圾渗滤液为碳源时最大比反硝化速率高达8.8 mg·(g·h) -1(以MLSS计),是乙酸钠为碳源时的1.7倍;垃圾渗滤液中性和碱性水解酸化液为碳源时,反硝化效果相差不大,最大比反硝化速率为4.5~4.8 mg·(g·h) -1(以MLSS计),NO3--N去除率仅为70%左右。垃圾渗滤液或其水解酸化液是否可以作为强化脱氮效果的补充碳源取决于基质本身的性质。     

改性矿化垃圾对渗滤液生化出水中COD和氨氮的吸附

用矿化垃圾作为吸附剂吸附处理生化后的垃圾渗滤液,利用单因素变量法研究了改性温度、pH、吸附剂投加量和反应时间对吸附效果的影响,并采用红外光谱和电镜扫描对矿化垃圾进行表征。结果表明:矿化垃圾改性温度为700℃,水样pH值为9,吸附剂用量为60 g/L,反应时间为10 h时,COD和氨氮去除率分别达到58.38%和79.77%,平衡吸附量分别为11.68 mg/g和1.58 mg/g;动力学数据拟合COD和氨氮吸附过程均符合拟二级动力学方程即吸附速率被化学吸附所控制;等温方程拟合表明,矿化垃圾对COD和氨氮的吸附分别属于多层吸附和单层吸附;红外光谱分析结果显示,吸附过程中OH、CO和C-O 3种基团起主要作用;电镜扫描结果显示,矿化垃圾改性前、后和吸附前、后内部结构均发生变化。     

污泥与生活垃圾混合填埋对渗滤液导排系统堵塞的影响

污泥经预处理达到入场标准后与生活垃圾混合填埋是我国现阶段污泥处理的主要方式。由于污泥与生活垃圾特性差异较大,会影响渗滤液物理、化学、生物特性,进而对填埋场渗滤液导排系统产生不利影响。通过柱实验对比了污泥与生活垃圾混填前后产生的渗滤液水质变化,结果表明：污泥与生活垃圾混填后渗滤液中颗粒物浓度及大颗粒物占比均有显著提升;采用生石灰对污泥预处理提高了污泥自身有机质（VFAs等）的释放速率;8%的生石灰预处理污泥（10%混合比例）掺加量会提高生活垃圾产生的渗滤液中Ca2+浓度31.6%。通过分析可知,结合填埋场导排系统堵塞的影响因素有微细颗粒物沉淀、微生物膜生长及钙基化合物沉积,从减缓填埋场导排系统堵塞、延长填埋场使用年限的角度出发,污泥宜单独分区填埋,生石灰预处理污泥不宜与生活垃圾混填。     

Evaluation of groundwater flow patterns around a dual-screened groundwater circulation well

Dual-screened groundwater circulation wells (GCWs) can be used to remove contaminant mass and to mix reagents in situ. GCWs are so named because they force water in a circular pattern between injection and extraction screens. The radial extent, flux and direction of the effective flow of this circulation cell are difficult to measure or predict. The objective of this study is to develop a robust protocol for assessing GCW performance. To accomplish this, groundwater flow patterns surrounding a GCW are assessed using a suite of tools and data, including: hydraulic head, in situ flow velocity, measured hydraulic conductivity data from core samples, chemical tracer tests, contaminant distribution data, and numerical flow and transport models. The hydraulic head data show patterns that are consistent with pumping on a dual-screened well, however, many of the observed changes are smaller than expected. In situ thermal perturbation flow sensors successfully measured horizontal flow, but vertical flow could not be determined with sufficient accuracy to be useful in mapping flow patterns. Two types of chemical tracer tests were utilized at the site and showed that much of the flow occurs within a few meters of the GCW. Flow patterns were also assessed based on changes in contaminant (trichloroethylene, TCE) concentrations over time. The TCE data clearly showed treated water moving away from the GCW at shallow and intermediate depths, but the circulation of that water back to the well, except very close to the well, was less clear. Detailed vertical and horizontal hydraulic conductivities were measured on 0.3 m-long sections from a continuous core from the GCW installation borehole. The measured vertical and horizontal hydraulic conductivity data were used to construct numerical flow and transport models, the results of which were compared to the head, velocity and concentration data. Taken together, the field data and modeling present a fairly consistent picture of flow and transport around the GCW. However, the time and expense associated with conducting all of those tests would be prohibitive for most sites. As a consequence, a sequential protocol for GCW characterization is presented here in which the number of tools used can be adjusted to meet the needs of individual sites. While not perfect, we believe that this approach represents the most efficient means for evaluating GCW performance.     

垃圾渗滤液有机物浓度预测模型的建立及应用

在分析垃圾渗滤液有机物浓度变化规律的基础上,建立垃圾渗滤液有机物浓度预测模型,并通过模拟填埋实验求出模型参数.该模型预测值与实测值之间具有接近90%的相关性,表明模型预测值基本上反映了实测值的变化规律.同时,将此模型应用到广西南宁市城南垃圾填埋场坝下区,对坝下区垃圾渗滤液有机物浓度变化规律进行预测.结果表明,坝下区垃圾...