絮凝法预处理高浓度垃圾渗滤液的实验研究

在用絮凝法对CODCr高达19 200～22 500 mg·L-1的垃圾渗滤液进行预处理当中,以垃圾渗滤液的CODCr去除率为考察指标,通过不同混凝剂对CODCr去除效果的比较,确定了最佳混凝剂.通过单因素实验和正交实验确定了最佳混凝剂用量以及最佳反应条件.研究结果表明,采用自制聚合氯化铁絮凝剂在投药比为1 000:3,pH值为10.5左右,搅拌时间为5.0 min,沉降时间为20 min时,能够使垃圾渗滤液的CODCr去除率达到64%以上,减轻了下一步生物处理的负荷.     

北神树垃圾填埋场渗滤液水质分析

以北京市北神树垃圾卫生填埋场渗滤液为研究对象,分析测定了水样的化学需氧量、生物需氧量、氨氮、含油量、浊度、色度、电导率等常规指标及17种无机离子含量,了解了水样的组成、成份和性质;用膜分离-光谱扫描法和傅里叶变换红外光谱测定了垃圾渗滤液中有机物的分子量分布和主要的官能团结构;综合评价了垃圾渗滤液的水质状况.实验结果表明,垃圾渗滤液属于高浓度有机污水,是垃圾填埋场的主要污染源.本文研究成果可为今后国内城市垃圾卫生填埋场渗滤液的处理、规划和设计提供一定的依据和参考.     

利用化学分析和生物毒性监测方法综合评价污水污泥环境影响的研究

利用化学分析和发光细菌生物毒性联合检测方法评价了上海地区7处污水处理厂污水污泥(分别用S1～S7表示)中主要污染物水平和毒性大小.结果表明,污水污泥样品S5和S7的重金属超过CJ/T 309-2009《城镇污水处理厂污泥处置农用泥质》标准和全国平均水平,主要超标重金属为Cd、Hg和Cu;污水污泥中多氯联苯、有机氯农药和二(噁)英类含量与组成则处于安全水平;样点S1～S6的多环芳烃(PAHs)平均含量低于CJ/T 309-2009中A级标准与欧盟和美国关于污水污泥的土地倾倒标准,但样点S7的w(ΣPAHs)达到34.61 mg·kg-1,超过CJ/T 309-2009最高允许限值的6倍.污水污泥浸出液化学分析结果表明,PAHs和重金属含量低于GB 5085.3-2007《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别》和欧盟EN 12457.2-2002 《废弃物表征浸出颗粒废弃物和污泥浸出一致性试验》标准,但所有样点的溶解性总有机碳均超过欧盟EN 12457.2-2002标准.发光细菌综合生物毒性结果表明:样点S3的综合毒性最高,S1、S6和S7次之,S2、S4和S5较低,以生活污水为主要来源的污水污泥的综合生物毒性较高.该结果可为污水污泥的后续处理和处置提供基础数据.     

Evaluation and remediation of organics,nutrients and heavy metals in landfill leachate – a case study in Beijing

Leachate pollution in landfill sites is a major source of environmental concern. This study evaluates organics, nutrients and heavy metals in a landfill site in Beijing, and introduces a method combining coagulation–flocculation with filtration for the advanced treatment of leachate. The results confirm that COD_Cr, TN, NH₄⁺ ? N, TP, Mn and As in leachate treated by an anaeobic–oxic biological method are unable to meet discharge or surface water quality standards. When treated with coagulation–flocculation combined with filtration under optimal conditions (cationic polyacrylamide dosage of 8.0 mg/L; polyaluminium chloride dosage of 350 mg/L; 0.4–0.6 mm ceramsite media in the filtration process), the residual NH₄⁺? N, TN, Mn and As in the leachate meet the maximum allowed values for landfill leachate discharge or surface water quality standards in China; the exceptions are chemical oxygen demand and total phosphorus. Leachate treatment processes could be further strengthened or improved.     

单元包封密闭式填埋工艺在阿苏卫垃圾卫生填埋场的探索实践

针对传统垃圾填埋工艺存在分区作业时间长、填埋气引发臭气污染等问题,结合阿苏卫垃圾卫生填埋场实际情况,采用单元包封密闭式填埋工艺,利用旱季垃圾堤坝进行分区填埋操作、渗滤液导排盲沟作为填埋单元分隔、构建填埋气及渗滤液收集系统等技术措施,有效地实现了雨污分流. 实施单元包封密闭式填埋工艺后,2010年填埋场渗滤液产生总量减少了约76 000 t,比前4 a平均产生量减少了35%;填埋气收集量增加了12×106 m3,收集总量比前4 a平均值增加了139%;臭气排放指标达到GB 14554—1993《恶臭污染物排放标准》二级排放标准. 该工艺的实施可以使填埋场运行管理更加规范.      

垃圾填埋场渗滤液对小鼠遗传毒性和肝肾功能的影响

对垃圾填埋过程中产生的渗滤液的遗传毒性及其对肝肾功能的影响进行了初步研究. 选用经口急性毒性试验和微核试验,以某垃圾卫生填埋场2005年11月渗滤液为受试物,ICR纯种小鼠为受试对象,设置高、中、低3个浓度(即渗滤液原液,10倍稀释液和100倍稀释液)渗滤液染毒组和对照组,取小鼠眼静脉血测定总胆红素(TBIL)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST) 、血清肌酐(Cr)和血尿酸氮(BUN)5项生化指标,探讨渗滤液诱发小鼠肝肾及遗传损伤. 结果表明,高、中浓度组小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞的微核率分别为18.8‰和3.8‰,与阴性对照组相比,2组的微核率显著增加(n10,P<0.05). 血清生化分析表明,中、高浓度组谷丙转氨酶(ALT)分别为70.4和70.0 U/L,与对照组差异显著(P<0.05);渗滤液低、中、高浓度组谷草转氨酶(AST)分别为247.1,255.1和281.6 U/L,与对照组相比,3个浓度组的差别均具有统计学意义(P<0.01).整体动物试验水平表明,渗滤液可能对哺乳动物具有遗传损伤效应,对肝功能也可能会产生一定的影响.      

渗滤液蒸发处理技术的难点与对策

讨论几种用填埋气燃烧释放的能量来蒸发渗滤液的技术,分析了蒸发处理过程中由于渗滤液自身特点所带来的技术上的难点,并根据这些难点针对性地分析渗滤液蒸发处理技术的改进方向。     

城市垃圾填埋场防渗浆材的实验研究

针对垃圾填埋场防渗的特殊要求,通过大量正交实验研究,研制了一种低渗透系数并对污染物有良好阻滞作用的浆材,即膨润土-水泥-粉煤灰(BCF)浆材,包括S型、N型和Z型3种类型。该浆材可泵期可调,结实率>99.6%,结石体28d渗透系数<0.65×10-7cm/s,N型的无侧限抗压强度<1.2MPa,弹性模量在200MPa左右。浆材结石体对COD、氨氮和磷的阻滞率均达到了82%以上,对酞酸酯和常见重金属离子的阻滞率均在99.6%以上。对浆材结石体的防渗性与对污染物阻滞性能的机理进行了研究,并提出渗滤沉积作用和吸附滞留作用阻滞机理。     

O_3/木屑强化SBR法处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

木屑作为强化剂加入SBR反应器中,采用O3+SBR强化生化处理法组合工艺对垃圾渗滤液进行处理,结果表明:臭氧前处理垃圾渗滤液时,60 min内,空气流量为400 mL/min,臭氧浓度为10.4 mg/L时,垃圾渗滤液COD降低42%。加入木屑作为SBR强化剂,可在进水垃圾渗滤液COD为4 200 mg/L,有机负荷达到1.7 kg/(kg.d)时,COD的去除率稳定在80%,二级强化法串联使用,出水水质达到国家污水综合排放一级排放标准。     

Microbial nitrogen transformation potential in surface run-off leachate from a tropical landfill

Ammonium is one of the major toxic compounds and a critical long-term pollutant in landfill leachate. Leachate from the Jatibarang landfill in Semarang, Indonesia, contains ammonium in concentrations ranging from 376 to 929 mg N L⁻¹. The objective of this study was to determine seasonal variation in the potential for organic nitrogen ammonification, aerobic nitrification, anaerobic nitrate reduction and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) at this landfilling site. Seasonal samples from leachate collection treatment ponds were used as an inoculum to feed synthetic media to determine potential rates of nitrogen transformations. Aerobic ammonium oxidation potential (<0.06 mg N L⁻¹ h⁻¹) was more than a hundred times lower than the anaerobic nitrogen transformation processes and organic nitrogen ammonification, which were of the same order of magnitude. Anaerobic nitrate oxidation did not proceed beyond nitrite; isolates grown with nitrate as electron acceptor did not degrade nitrite further. Effects of season were only observed for aerobic nitrification and anammox, and were relatively minor: rates were up to three times higher in the dry season. To completely remove the excess ammonium from the leachate, we propose a two-stage treatment system to be implemented. Aeration in the first leachate pond would strongly contribute to aerobic ammonium oxidation to nitrate by providing the currently missing oxygen in the anaerobic leachate and allowing for the growth of ammonium oxidisers. In the second pond the remaining ammonium and produced nitrate can be converted by a combination of nitrate reduction to nitrite and anammox. Such optimization of microbial nitrogen transformations can contribute to alleviating the ammonium discharge to surface water draining the landfill.