城市垃圾渗滤液污染控制技术综述

介绍了垃圾填埋场渗滤液的来源以及水质特点,结合国内外研究和应用实例,对垃圾渗滤液处理方式及处理技术进行了综述。比较了合并处理等三种垃圾渗滤液处理方式的优缺点,阐述了物化处理技术和生物处理技术在垃圾渗滤液处理中的应用。在此基础上,建议渗滤液处理应综合考虑水质水量、经济技术及环境等因素,优先考虑场内建设渗滤液处理系统,对于难处理的渗滤液可以考虑采用"预处理-生化处理-高效物化"联合工艺处理。     

SBR工艺处理晚期垃圾渗滤液的脱氮特性研究

采用有效容积为1 200 m3的SBR反应器处理晚期垃圾渗滤液,进行生物脱氮特性研究.结果表明,通过投加粪水调节进水C/N,能显著提高SBR反应器对晚期垃圾渗滤液中氮素污染物的去除效果,其中第112~136 d的TN平均去除率高达82.62%,出水TN≤190 mg.L-1,COD≤400 mg.L-1;能在反应器内达到各种生物脱氮反应的平衡状态,BOD5与TN去除量的比值稳定在1.43左右.在稳定平衡阶段,通过对反应器内氮素污染物和SO24-的含量变化进行周期跟踪监测,发现在搅拌回流阶段存在NH4+-N和SO24-的同时等比例去除现象,去除率分别为27.06%和76.17%,反应器内存在同步硝化反硝化和同步脱氮除硫(SO24-)过程;量化分析了反应器内各种生物脱氮反应,得到异养反硝化、同步硝化反硝化、同化作用、同步脱氮除硫(SO24-)和内源呼吸反硝化对TN去除量的贡献率分别为62.6%、33.8%、7.0%、26.1%和2.7%.     

生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液生物处理技术及应用

在分析生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液特点的基础上 ,对其生物处理技术进行分析评价 ,针对其特点提出相应的处理对策措施。并对国内南北两个典型的垃圾填埋场的渗滤液处理系统进行了介绍。     

垃圾渗沥液中氨氮的电化学氧化

针对目前国内外垃圾渗沥液处理中存在的问题,采用电化学氧化与上流式厌氧污泥床（UASB）相结合,研究建立了对香港垃圾渗沥液的二步法处理工艺．本文着重探讨了电化学间接氧化去除渗沥液中氨氮的反应机制及主要影响因素,并通过实验找出了最佳的操作条件：入水初始 pH值为9.0;流速为0.01－0.10cm/s;CI加入量2000mg/L;电流密度 32.3mA/cm²．在此条件下,经过 6h电解后,UASB反应器出水中NH_－N和COD的去除率分别达到100％和87％．对该电化学氧化过程的运行成本进行了评估．     

生物反应器填埋场渗滤液及其处理对策

根据垃圾的降解和稳定机理分析了生物反应器填埋场渗滤液的动态变化规律，并对其处理对策进行了探讨。生物反应器填埋场前期产生的渗滤液可全部回灌，后期再根据实际情况排放处理部分过量的渗滤液。在对渗滤液水量和水质全面直观认识后，再对生物反应器填埋场渗滤液处理工艺进行针对性的选择和设计，并宜采用物化法处理方式。     

中试规模动力波吹脱技术分离老龄化垃圾渗滤液中的高浓度氨氮

为解决老龄化垃圾渗滤液的脱氨难题,采用动力波吹脱技术对老龄化垃圾渗滤液进行氨氮吹脱分离,探究了吹脱时间、pH、气液比、温度和进水氨氮浓度对吹脱效能的影响。单因素实验结果表明：前3 h吹脱去除率增长最快,5 h后吹脱去除率变化较小;高pH下游离氨占比增大,对吹脱更为有利,pH为10.5左右时的工艺最为经济;动力波吹脱适用温度范围广,在10 ℃和25 ℃时,去除率可达72.62%和90.68%;增加气液比可提高吹脱效率,但当气液比超过129后,吹脱效果增幅不明显;氨氮浓度对吹脱去除率的影响较小。正交实验结果显示：温度方差最大,pH、气液比方差次之,进水氨氮浓度方差最小,即表明温度对动力波吹脱脱氨影响最为显著;pH、气液比也是重要影响因素;初始氨氮浓度对吹脱效率影响不显著。在25 ℃、pH=10.5、气液比为129时,吹脱5 h的最优条件下,氨氮去除率约91.25%~94.15%。相比传统吹脱工艺,动力波吹脱技术能大幅提高氨氮分离效率。     

EFFECTS OF COAL PILE RUNOFF ON STREAM QUALITY AND MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES1

Samples of coal pile runoff, Georges Creek water, and macrobenthos above and below two coal storage areas along Georges Creek, Allegany County, Maryland, were collected in July, August, and September 1982, and February and July 1983. Coal pile runoff was collected under high- and low-flow conditions. Water samples were analyzed for Hg, Zn, As, Fe, Mn, Al, SO₄^?2, pH, filterable and non-filterable residue, conductivity and acidity. Leachate from coal piles along Georges Creek contained high concentrations of heavy metals, particularly manganese, aluminum and zinc. Iron and sulfate were very high and the pH ranged from 1.4 to 3.1. Georges Creek water had much lower concentrations of metals, iron and sulfate and a pH of about 7.0. The distribution of macrobenthos in Georges Creek showed the effects of both runoff from coal storage piles and periodic drought. Brillouin's diversity index values were low even in areas which did not dry. Densities of tubificid worms and chironomid larvae were very high above the coal storage areas where organic inputs were high. At all the rest of the sampling stations, macroinvertebrate densities were very low. Where coal pile runoff enters Georges Creek, it compounds the effects of periodic drought and further stresses the aquatic community.     

In vitro genotoxicity of fly ash leachate in earthworm coelomocytes

Fly ash is the major coal combustion byproduct from thermal power plants. Considering its plant–nourishing constituents, its soil amendment in farmland is one of its promoted disposal methods. A substantial amount of heavy metals present in fly ash, which may leach out due to rainwater or irrigation water, may cause serious problem with long term use, especially to soil organisms. These metals may cause DNA damage through Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation. In the present study, single cell gel electrophoresis [(SCGE) i.e., comet assay] was used to detect DNA damage in earthworm (Dichogaster curgensis) coelomocytes, following an in vitro exposure. Significant DNA damage was observed at the lowest concentration of fly ash leachate (6.25%) examined. DNA damage by all the tested concentrations (6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%) differed significantly (p?<?0.001) from that of the negative control. Hence, long-term application of fly ash might prove harmful for earthworm populations.     

强化垂直流可渗透反应墙处理渗滤液污染物

针对垃圾渗滤液污染物组分多、处理难度大、可生化性差的特点,基于可渗透反应墙(PRB)被动修复技术,通过多种填料的组合构建三重垂直流PRB强化的砂箱模型,对垃圾渗滤液进行连续动态处理研究。实验结果表明,填料的组合顺序对强化PRB系统净化能力有较大的影响,由无烟煤、沸石、钢渣依次组成的强化垂直流PRB系统(2#砂箱)对NH4+-N、NO3--N、NO2--N、COD、PO43--P的平均去除率分别为96.12%、30.36%、75.24%、39.03%和30.47%,处理效果明显好于相同条件下依次由无烟煤、钢渣、沸石组成的强化垂直流PRB系统(1#砂箱)。与常规PRB处理系统相比,强化垂直流可渗透反应墙系统可实现垃圾渗滤液中多种污染物同步有效去除,是极具发展潜力的新型技术。     

建筑垃圾渗滤液实验室模拟研究

利用垃圾柱在实验室模拟降雨条件下,对建筑垃圾渗滤液的产生量、pH、TOC、COD、Cl-、SO42-、可溶性Fe、总硬度等指标进行了长达440d的连续监测,分析了各指标的变化趋势,讨论了渗滤液可能对填埋场(或堆场)周边环境可能造成的危害。结果表明,建筑垃圾渗滤液在填埋3a后,除总硬度外,其它指标均可达到地下水及地表水Ⅲ类标准,如注意填埋场的选址,仅需对填埋场初期渗滤液进行处理即可直接排放。