Resource allocation varies with parental sex and brood size in the asynchronously hatching green-rumped parrotlet (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Forpus passerinus</Emphasis>)

When eggs hatch asynchronously, offspring arising from last-hatched eggs often exhibit a competitive disadvantage compared with their older, larger nestmates. Strong sibling competition might result in a pattern of resource allocation favoring larger nestlings, but active food allocation towards smaller offspring may compensate for the negative effects of asynchronous hatching. We examined patterns of resource allocation by green-rumped parrotlet parents to small and large broods under control and food-supplemented conditions. There was no difference between parents and among brood sizes in visit rate or number of feeds delivered, although females spent marginally more time in the nest than males. Both male and female parents preferentially fed offspring that had a higher begging effort than the remainder of the brood. Mean begging levels did not differ between small and large broods, but smaller offspring begged more than their older nestmates in large broods. Male parents fed small offspring less often in both brood sizes. Female parents fed offspring evenly in small broods, while in large broods they fed smaller offspring more frequently, with the exception of the very last hatched individual. These data suggest male parrotlets exhibit a feeding preference for larger offspring—possibly arising from the outcome of sibling competition—but that females practice active food allocation, particularly in larger brood sizes. These differential patterns of resource allocation between the sexes are consistent with other studies of parrots and may reflect some level of female compensation for the limitations imposed on smaller offspring by hatching asynchrony.     

Rapid Evolution in the Wild: Changes in Body Size, Life-History Traits, and Behavior in Hunted Populations of the Japanese Mamushi Snake

Abstract:  Rapid evolution caused by human exploitation of wildlife is not usually addressed in studies of the impacts of such exploitation despite its direct relevance to population persistence. Japanese mamushi ( Gloydius blomhoffii ), an endemic venomous snake of the Japanese archipelago, has been heavily hunted by humans, and many populations appear to be declining or are already extirpated. We compared local populations that have been hunted regularly with populations that have not been hunted. Mamushi in hunted populations were smaller, had fewer vertebrae, produced more and smaller offspring, had increased reproductive effort among smaller females, and in nature fled at greater distances from an approaching human and were less defensive than mamushi in unhunted populations, as predicted from life-history theory. Heritability estimates for body size, number of vertebrae, and antipredator behavior were statistically significant, and neonates from hunted sites showed the same distribution of altered characters (compared with those from unhunted sites) as adults. Thus, distribution of the divergent trait between hunted and unhunted sites appeared in part to be genetically based, which suggests rapid evolution to human predation pressures. Trait distributions in hunted populations probably deviate from naturally (as opposed to anthropogenically) selected optima and, therefore, may have long-term negative repercussions on population persistence. Because rapid evolution affects a suite of parameters that characterize exploited populations, accurate understanding of the impacts of exploitation and effective resource management and conservation can only be achieved if evolutionary consequences are considered explicitly.     

基于ANP的煤矿员工非意向不安全行为影响因素研究

为量化分析非意向不安全行为的影响因素,基于专家判断法和网络层次分析法（ANP）,运用超级决策（SD）软件分析评价了30个因素对非意向不安全行为的影响。结果表明:对国有大中型煤炭企业而言,个体特征、组织及任务、机械设备对非意向不安全行为有很大的影响,环境因素对非意向不安全行为影响权重相对较小;应急反应、应急演练、信息传递、注意力、监督反馈、安全警示、工作经验、应急设施、作业规范、疲劳程度等10个因素是企业干预、控制非意向不安全行为的重点关注因素。     

不同粒度锡采矿废石重金属淋溶规律及影响机制

采用广西某锡矿不同粒度采矿废石进行模拟酸雨动态淋溶试验,研究了不同粒度锡采矿废石的淋溶规律,结果表明,淋溶前期,废石溶出重金属浓度呈上升趋势,Pb、Zn溶出浓度表现出中粒度>细粒度>粗粒度,As溶出浓度最高为0.12mg/L,表现为细粒度>中粒度>粗粒度;淋溶中后期,废石溶出重金属浓度呈平缓甚至缓慢下降趋势,3种重金属溶出规律均表现为细粒度>中粒度>粗粒度, Pb、Zn、As最高溶出浓度分别为0.91,1.05,0.12mg/L.研究了重金属溶出动力学并运用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、能谱仪、比表面积及孔径分布仪和化学测试等手段分析得出了锡采矿废石淋溶影响机制,淋溶前期主要受粒度影响,溶质以对流运移为主;淋溶后期受粒度、空隙率、比表面积、表面结构和形态分布等多重因素影响,溶质以对流运移和分子扩散综合影响为主.本研究方法及结论可为废石重金属防控和监管提供理论依据.     

典型土壤持久性有机污染物空间分布特征及环境行为研究进展

持久性有机污染物(POPs)由于具有致癌性、致畸性和致突变效应的"三致性",近年来已经越来越受到人们的关注.本文综合分析了有机氯农药(OCPs)、多氯联苯(PCBs)、二英类(PCDD/Fs)、多环芳烃(PAHs)及多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)等几种典型土壤持久性有机污染物的空间分布特征.同时,对土壤POPs的挥发作用、吸附/解吸、迁移、生物降解、化学降解等环境行为进行了深入分析,并指出了这些环境行为的影响因素,包括POPs的物质属性、土壤理化性质及周围环境等共性影响因素及其它因素.此外,针对国内外研究现状中存在的问题,提出了相关建议,指出控制土壤POPs污染的根本手段在于管理措施的完善.     

体育场馆内PM2.5的环境行为与急性毒理效应对运动大鼠免疫指标的影响

通过气管滴注法建立运动大鼠非暴露式损伤模型,以研究体育场馆内不同浓度PM_(2.5)污染对运动大鼠免疫指标的影响。实验选取32只雄性Wistar SPF(specific pathogen free, SPF)大鼠,随机分为运动对照组(EC)、高剂量运动组(30 mg·kg~(-1))(HPE)、中剂量运动组(15 mg·kg~(-1))(MPE)、低剂量运动组(7.5 mg·kg~(-1))(LPE),采用一次性气管滴注染毒后进行递增负荷跑台训练,通过酶联免疫法(ELISA)测定大鼠血清和肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中克拉拉细胞蛋白(CC16)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、大鼠单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)、大鼠巨噬细胞炎症蛋白1α(MIP-1α)和中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶(NE)的表达水平。与EC相比,LPE、MPE和HPE中MCP-1、MIP-1α和hs-CRP表现出剂量相关性升高,NE和CC16则呈剂量相关性降低,差异均有统学意义。研究表明,PM_(2.5)气管滴注可以对急性运动大鼠的免疫系统功能造成一定程度的损伤。     

游客信息行为对文化遗产旅游难忘体验的作用路径及调节效果--以平遥古城为例

以平遥古城为例,探究游客信息行为对文化遗产旅游难忘体验的作用路径和异质性的调节效果。结果发现:游客信息行为对文化遗产旅游难忘体验的影响有直接影响和间接影响两条路径;异质性游客在信息对难忘体验的影响上存在显著调节效果;遗产地吸引力通过对游客再访意图的影响完全转化为难忘体验来发挥作用。     

旅游网站中旅游经历分享行为的影响因素研究--基于感知互动性

以S-O-R理论为框架,结合感知互动性理论与价值理论,构建旅游网站中旅游经历分享行为的研究模型。结果表明:①用户在使用旅游网站过程中的感知互动性正向影响其对该网站信息价值的感知程度、自我呈现的满足程度和社会认同的满足程度。②用户对旅游网站的感知互动性会通过社会认同的满足促进用户的分享行为。③用户对旅游网站的感知互动性会通过信息价值感知和社会认同满足促进用户的分享意愿,而用户的分享意愿正向影响其分享行为。     

Addressing behavior in pollinator conservation policies to combat the implementation gap

Solutions for conserving biodiversity lie in changing people's behavior. Ambitious international and national conservation policies frequently fail to effectively mitigate biodiversity loss because they rarely apply behavior-change theories. We conducted a gap analysis of conservation behavior-change interventions advocated in national conservation strategies with the Behavior Change Wheel (BCW), a comprehensive framework for systematically characterizing and designing behavior-change interventions. Using pollinator conservation as a case study, we classified the conservation actions listed in national pollinator initiatives in relation to intervention functions and policy categories of the BCW. We included all national-level policy documents from the European Union available in March 2019 that focused on conservation of pollinators (n = 8). A total of 610 pollinator conservation actions were coded using in-depth directed content analysis, resulting in the identification of 787 intervention function and 766 policy category codes. Overall, these initiatives did not employ the entire breadth of behavioral interventions. Intervention functions most frequently identified were education (23%) and environmental restructuring (19%). Least frequently identified intervention functions were incentivization (3%), and restriction (2%) and coercion were completely absent (0%). Importantly, 41% of all pollinator conservation actions failed to identify whose behavior was to be changed. Building on these analyses, we suggest that reasons for the serious implementation gap in national and international conservation policies is founded in insufficient understanding of which behavioral interventions to employ for most beneficial impacts on biodiversity and how to clearly specify the intervention targets. We recommend that policy advisors engage with behavior-change theory to design effective behavior-change interventions that underpin successful conservation policies.     

红枫湖水源地附近粉煤灰堆积场重金属存在形态及静态淋溶规律

酸雨对露天粉煤灰堆积场的淋滤作用导致周围环境产生重金属污染是一种广泛现象.为研究酸雨对贵阳市水源地红枫湖周边一大型粉煤灰堆积场的重金属迁移影响,本文以这一粉煤灰堆积场为研究对象,通过静态淋溶实验探讨了粉煤灰中Cr、Ni、CU、Zn、AS、Cd、Pb等7种重金属元素的含量、存在形态、淋溶时间、堆积时间、粒度对重金属溶出规律的影响.结果表明,粉煤灰中Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、As和Cd等6种重金属的含量随堆积时间增加而增大,Cr含量变化与上述反之;在淋溶实验中,堆积时间的增加使Cr、Ni、Cu和Zn重金属元素的可溶态减小;在淋溶第28—48天期间,Cr、Ni和Cu元素溶出浓度降低的粒度顺序为细粒度>中粒度和粗粒度、Cd元素溶出浓度降低的粒度顺序为中粒度>粗粒度>细粒度.本研究对红枫湖水源地和周边地下水的重金属防控提供一定的参考依据.