冷成型薄壁C型钢构件压弯滞回性能的数值分析

应用大型有限元软件ABAQU S,采用考虑几何和材料非线性的S4R 5壳单元和线性随动强化模型,考虑角部冷成型强化效应的影响,建立了常轴力、循环弯矩荷载作用下的C型钢构件有限元模型,分析了构件宽厚比和轴压比对冷成型薄壁C型钢构件滞回性能的影响。分析结果表明:宽厚比和轴压比对构件滞回性能影响显著,随着宽厚比的增加,构件承载、转动以及塑性变形能力降低;随着轴压比增加,构件的最大承载力降低,承载力退化。     

方钢管混凝土框架加固后的非线性有限元分析——受低周反复荷载作用

建立了加固后损伤方钢管混凝土框架的三维非线性有限元分析模型，用以研究该框架在低周反复荷载作用下的抗震性能。该模型考虑了钢与混凝土的黏滑作用。通过与损伤方钢管混凝土框架加固后的结构在低周反复荷载作用下滞回曲线和刚度退化曲线的对比表明，计算结果较为精确，该模型可以应用于方钢管混凝土框架的结构分析中。同时由试验和有限元分析计算的结果可知，损伤方钢管混凝土框架结构加固后，具有较好的抗震性能。     

城市河道表层水及沉积物中微塑料的污染现状与污染行为

河流是微塑料从陆地向海洋传输的关键路径,在近年来得到了越来越多的研究重视.但实际上,目前关于城市不同区域河道表层水及沉积物中微塑料的污染现状及污染行为研究仍十分有限,相关问题依然不甚清晰.本文以上海市中心城区及郊区城镇区域的8条河道作为研究对象,共采集16个河道表层水及沉积物样品,采用高速摄像仪和傅立叶红外变换光谱仪鉴定样品中微塑料的丰度、尺寸、颜色、形状和类型等特征.结果表明,上海市城市河道表层水中微塑料的平均丰度为(7.5±2.8)个·L^-1,而沉积物中微塑料的平均丰度(以湿重计)则达到了(1 575.5±758.4)个·kg^-1.微塑料尺寸越小丰度越高.其中,低于500μm、纤维状、透明色和聚酯类的微塑料始终在上海市城市河道中占据主导地位,但沉积物中的微塑料分布更具多样性.相对于国内外其他城市河道中的微塑料污染,上海市城市河道中的微塑料污染较为严重.不同城市河道中,微塑料的形状和聚合物类型分布受到来源(主要为洗衣废水、个人护理产品和塑料废弃物等)、水动力学条件和本身理化性质等各种因素的较大影响.还进一步讨论了城市河道中微塑料的污染行为(...     

太湖流域果园种植面源氮磷输出强度及其定量评估方法

以太湖流域上游地区无锡阳山地区果园种植典型区域为研究对象,通过现场试验,调查了果园种植面源氮磷输出动态变化过程,计算并分析了氮磷输出强度,构建了果园种植面源氮磷输出强度定量评估模型。结果表明:取样监测期间,果园种植径流及淋溶氮磷指标变化幅度均超过200%;果园种植面源氮磷径流输出强度与其淋溶输出的变化一致,径流总氮的输出强度最高(13.201 kg/hm²),淋溶硝酸盐输出强度最大(4.077 kg/hm²);所建立的评估方程能较好地反映降雨量等环境因素对果园种植面源氮磷径流及淋溶输出强度的影响情况,模拟方程的复相关系数均在0.9左右。     

Effect of nitrification inhibitor DMPP on nitrogen leaching, nitrifying organisms, and enzyme activities in a rice-oilseed rape cropping system

DMPP （3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate） has been used to reduce nitrogen （N） loss from leaching or denitrification and to improve N supply in agricultural land. However, its impact on soil nitrifying organisms and enzyme activities involved in N cycling is largely unknown. Therefore, an on-farm experiment, for two years, has been conducted, to elucidate the effects of DMPP on mineral N （NH4^＋- N and NO3^--N） leaching, nitrifying organisms, and denitrifying enzymes in a rice-oilseed rape cropping system. Three treatments including urea alone （UA）, urea ＋ 1% DMPP （DP）, and no fertilizer （CK）, have been carded out. The results showed that DP enhanced the mean NH4^＋-N concentrations by 19.1%-24.3%, but reduced the mean NO3^--N concentrations by 44.9%-56.6% in the leachate, under a two-year rice-rape rotation, compared to the UA treatment. The population of ammonia oxidizing bacteria, the activity of nitrate reductase, and nitrite reductase in the DP treatment decreased about 24.5%-30.9%, 14.9%-43.5%, and 14.7%-31.6%, respectively, as compared to the UA treatment. However, nitrite oxidizing bacteria and hydroxylamine reductase remained almost unaffected by DMPP. It is proposed that DMPP has the potential to either reduce NO3^--N leaching by inhibiting ammonia oxidization or N losses from denitrification, which is in favor of the N conversations in the rice-oilseed rape cropping system.     

On equilibration of pore water in column leaching tests

Column leaching tests are closer to natural conditions than batch shaking tests and in the last years have become more popular for assessing the release potential of pollutants from a variety of solids such as contaminated soils, waste, recycling and construction materials. Uncertainties still exist regarding equilibration of the percolating water with the solids, that might potentially lead to underestimation of contaminant concentrations in the effluent. The intention of this paper is to show that equilibration of pore water in a finite bath is fundamentally different from release of a certain fraction of the pollutant from a sample and that equilibrium is reached much faster at low liquid-to-solid ratios typical for column experiments (<0.25) than in batch tests with much higher liquid-to-solid ratios (e.g. 2–10). Two mass transfer mechanisms are elucidated: First-order type release (film diffusion) and intraparticle diffusion. For the latter, mass transfer slows down with time and sooner or later non-equilibrium conditions are observed at the column outlet after percolation has been started. Time scales of equilibrium leaching can be estimated based on a comparison of column length with the length of the mass transfer zone, which is equivalent to a Damköhler number approach. Mass transfer and diffusion coefficients used in this study apply to mass transfer mechanisms limited by diffusion in water, which is typical for release of organic compounds but also for dissolution of soluble minerals such as calcite, gypsum or similar. As a conclusion based on these theoretical considerations column tests (a) equilibrate much faster than batch leaching tests and (b) the equilibrium concentrations are maintained in the column effluent even for slow intraparticle diffusion limited desorption for extended periods of time (>days). Since for equilibration the specific surface area is crucial, the harmonic mean of the grain size is relevant (small grain sizes result in high concentrations even after short pre-equilibration of a column). The absolute time scales calculated with linear sorption and aqueous diffusion aim at organic compounds and are not valid for sparingly soluble mineral phases (e.g. metal oxides and silicates). However, the general findings on how different liquid-to-solid ratios and specific surface area influence equilibration time scales also apply to other mass transfer mechanisms.     

VENTILATORY RESPONSES OF BLUEGILL SUNFISH TO SUBLETHAL,FLUCTUATING EXPOSURES TO HEAVY METALS (Zn++ and Cu++)1

ABSTRACT Minicomputer interfaced, continuous, noncontact sensing of the ventilatory behavior of the bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) was used to investigate the response to exposure to solutions of copper and zinc under various modes of application. The results of these studies indicate that fish respond to sublethal concentrations of these toxicants by increasing the average ventilatory rate as well as decreasing the amplitude of the ventilatory signal. Appropriate statistics for the analysis of these data are also described.     

GROUND WATER QUALITY IMPLICATIONS OF SOIL CONSERVATION MEASURES: AN ECONOMIC PERSPECTWE1

ABSTRACT: An evaluation of the intermedia movement of pesticides applied under various land management systems already in place, or to be implemented, under the Conservation Reserve and Conservation Compliance programs is presented. The simulation modeling approach followed in this analysis consists of a mathematical programming model and leaching/surface runoff, Pesticide Root Zone Model (PRZM) models. Special care was taken to ensure that the physical model was sensitive to the chemical characteristics of individual pesticides and the important physical changes brought about by different agricultural practices. Results show that, although these programs as now planned, increase farm income and achieve soil conservation goals, they may adversely affect ground water quality. Also, depending on soil and location characteristics, there are tradeoffs between surface and ground water quality implications. Hence, if these programs are to address water quality problems, the recommended practices must be evaluated for their impact on water quality, particularly in potentially vulnerable areas.     

乌鳢仔鱼生化成分变化与其行为的关系

研究了１～１６ｄ龄乌鳢仔鱼水分、Ｎａ＋、Ｋ＋、脂肪和蛋白质含量的变化及其主要摄食行为．结果表明，初孵仔鱼含水量为５０．１５％～５２．４０％，并随发育进展持续上升到８６．３５％～８６．８６％，而仔鱼干重则在第６ｄ最低．Ｎａ＋、Ｋ＋在仔鱼前期波动较大，第８ｄ后稳步上升，脂肪食量在孵出后的前４ｄ基本上保持不变，第５ｄ下降１５．８５％，第６ｄ下降３４．３８％，此后一直下降．蛋白质含量前８ｄ变化很小，第８ｄ后开始大幅上升．结合行为学观察认为，油球在仔鱼前期主要作为“浮力器官”（ｂｕｏｙａｎｃｙｏｒｇａｎ），在后期则可补偿摄入能量的不足．     

Chemical Behaviour of Calcium in Stabilized Oil Ash Reef Blocks After Five Years in the Ocean

Reef blocks made from stabilized oil ash were taken from the sea after five years in the ocean to examine the chemical behaviour of calcium. Experiments included (1) determination of the calcium leaching rate and a comparison with the rate for unexposed blocks to test the validity of a diffusion model for predicting long term (5 years) leaching rates, (2) determination of the effect of biological cover (shell) on the leaching rate, (3) determination of the leaching rate of the core of exposed reef blocks, (4) determination of the calcium content in 'ring areas' - regions of discoloration observed in sectioned exposed reef blocks, and (5) determination of the leachable fraction of the total calcium in exposed reef blocks. Results showed the presence of a pronounced calcium discontinuity zone located 3-7 cm from the outside surface of the reef blocks. Cumulated calcium release rates ranged from 2.81-3.14 μmol cm^-2 day^-1 for original unexposed reef blocks and the core of exposed (in the ocean for five years) blocks, respectively, to 0.47-0.50 μmol cm^-2 day^-1 for outside (facing sea water) surfaces of exposed reef blocks. Tank leaching studies also showed that the presence or absence of hard biological cover (shells) had little or no effect on the calcium release rate. the diffusion model normally used in modelling the chemical behaviour of calcium cannot be used to predict the long term (five years) leaching of calcium. the core of the exposed blocks released calcium at a rate similar to new, unexposed reef block material. Overall, it appears that the calcium discontinuity zone is probably responsible for restricting the release of calcium and hence the failure of the diffusion model.