铅锌尾矿中重金属在模拟酸雨淋溶下的浸出规律

重金属尾矿污染是世界性难题,污染水体、大气和土壤,对周边的生态环境和人体健康造成严重危害。在我国酸雨范围大且酸雨问题比较严重的背景下,探讨酸雨淋溶下尾矿中重金属的浸出规律将有利于加强我国重金属尾矿的污染控制和管理。采用湖南桃林铅锌尾矿库中的尾矿模拟酸雨条件进行淋溶实验,研究发现重金属Pb、Zn、Cu、Mn含量分别为1252.5,849.4,363.1,280.0mg/kg。其中,Pb、Zn主要以残渣态存在,分别占69.7%和53.8%;Cu主要以有机结合态存在,占67.0%;Mn主要以铁锰氧化态、有机结合态和残渣态存在,共占90.0%。在静态淋溶实验中,固液比越大、模拟酸雨pH值越小,重金属的浸出浓度越大。在动态淋溶实验中,Zn、Mn浸出浓度随时间呈现减小趋势,而Pb和Cu浸出浓度随时间先增大,后减小。     

钒渣中钒的浸出特性

对制钒浸出工序进行研究,了解钒渣中钒残留比率及钒含量的变化范围,并对随州、竹山、郧西等地钒厂在不同生产工艺、不同堆放深度、不同排渣年份条件下的钒渣中钒的浸出特性进行了研究。结果表明,渣样中钒含量分布于3.5mg/L～30mg/L,钒在渣中残留比约为4.5%～5.6%,钠化焙烧渣钒含量高于钙化焙烧渣。与砷毒性的类比结果说明,不能排除钒渣属于危险废物的可能。     

Methodological considerations for nitrogen policies in the Netherlands including a new role for research

The Netherlands has attempted to follow EU guidelines in developing national policies to reduce pollution of groundwater by nitrates originating from (over) fertilized agricultural land. The EU has not been satisfied with these policies and this is resulting in legal conflicts. National policies have focused on nitrogen budgeting and on fertilization rates, over-simplifying the crucial role of soils during the leaching of nitrates to groundwater. As an alternative, a dynamic approach using simulation modeling is introduced as is illustrated for a study area in the Netherlands. A number of considerations for future policy directions are suggested, including requirements for research: (i) promotion of research aimed at improving and maintaining nutrient use efficiency at farm level; (ii) promotion of joint learning experiences between farmers and researchers, where farmers’ organizations could act as “research consortia”; (iii) emphasis on site and time specific management (precision agriculture) in policy development, and provision of site-specific advice via modern information and communication technologies; (iv) clearer guidelines for groundwater monitoring procedures, including additional monitoring at greater depths and consideration of groundwater quality from an appropriate regional perspective; (v) groundwater monitoring should take place at locations selected according to specific hydro-geological characteristics, rather than being executed at random and (vi) clear goals that are defined within existing and future policies at EU and international level, should allow for regional differentiation in indicators; these being the outcome of negotiations between farmers or their representatives, policy makers and researchers.     

烧结法提取沸腾炉渣中的铝和铁

近年来,热电厂和钢厂产生了大量的沸腾炉渣.这些炉渣不仅占用了大量的土地,还污染了土壤、地下水和大气.由于该沸腾炉渣中氧化铝的含量很高,因此,评估其氧化铝提取的可利用性是必要的.本文对内蒙古包头钢铁厂的沸腾炉渣进行了粒径分布试验和化学成分分析试验.X-荧光分析显示,该炉渣中SiO2含量为42.60%,Al2O3含量为32.60%,Fe2O3含量为2.43%,CaO含量为2.16%,K2O含量为0.74%,MgO含量为0.44%,Na2O含量为0.16%,TiO2含量为0.88%,还有一些其他痕量元素.将沸腾炉渣和石灰及精煤混合制成小球,然后在约1 000 ℃下烧结.取不同烧结时间的样品,用硫酸浸取,得到含铝离子和铁离子的溶液.试验结果表明,使用浓度为4 mol·L-1的硫酸,在80 ℃下浸取烧结球样品(质量比为50%沸腾炉渣:40%精煤:10%石灰),24 h可以得到铝和铁的最大提取率,分别为86.50%和94.60%.滤渣可以作为固化材料用于高速公路的路基建设或水泥生产中的添加剂.     

建筑物应急疏散标识在干扰情境中的大学生视觉行为研究

为降低高校建筑物应急疏散标识周边干扰物对标识识别有效性的影响,找出干扰性最低的组合设计,通过引入尺寸、颜色、形状、位置4个参数,设计18种干扰情境,基于眼动技术,通过试验研究大学生在不同干扰情境下搜寻应急疏散标识的视觉行为.利用方差分析和F-聚类分析,对反应时间、首次进入兴趣区前用时、兴趣区首个注视点持续时间、扫视时间...     

Motivational factors underlying the intention to drink and drive in young male drivers

Problem: Anyone drinking and driving has a high risk of being involved in an accident. Young male drivers, however, run the highest risk at the same levels of blood alcohol as other candidates, as they have more accidents than any other group. A better understanding of their motivations toward drinking and driving is needed to help create effective prevention. Method: In the present study, 115 male drivers aged 18–24 completed a questionnaire—based on Ajzen's theory of planned behavior—designed to study the motivational factors leading to drinking and driving. Results: Young males' intention to drink and drive is predicted by their attitudes, their perceived behavioral control (PBC), and, to a lesser degree, subjective norms. Impact on Industry: The results showing slightly positive PBC over driving after drinking suggest that work aimed at reducing this perception to a more realistic level is a potential prevention avenue.     

Correlated evolution of prey chemical discrimination with foraging, lingual morphology and vomeronasal chemoreceptor abundance in lizards

Comparative data from ten families of lizards suggest that correlated evolution has occurred between the ability to identify prey chemicals and several aspects of lingual function and morphology, abundance of vomeronasal chemoreceptor cells, and foraging behavior. Ability to discriminate prey chemicals from control substances was measured experimentally and correlated with other variables by Felsenstein's method. This ability increased with evolutionary increases in degree of lingual protrusion during tongue-flicking, which may reflect the tongue's ability to reach substrates to be sampled. It increased with deepened lingual forking and greater lingual elongation, which may be important for scent-trailing and sampling ability, respectively. Discriminatory ability also increased with abundance of vomerolfactory chemoreceptors, which presumably reflects some aspects of analytical capacities of the vomeronasal system. Prey chemical discrimination increased with degree of active foraging. Natural selection for improved vomerolfactory sampling and analysis of prey chemicals by active, but not ambush, foragers appears to account for the observed relationships. In active foragers that use vomerolfaction to locate prey, natural selection favors increased abilities to lingually sample chemicals from environmental substrates, analyze the samples for prey chemicals, and respond appropriately if prey chemicals or possible prey chemicals are detected. Such selection can account for the observed relationships among the sampling device and its movements, the sense, the discriminations, and variations in foraging ecology. Received: 13 February 1997 / Accepted after revision: 12 June 1997     

Improved characterisation of inorganic components in airborne particulate matter

We set up a microanalytical procedure for non-volatile ions by ion chromatography (IC) and for elements by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). We analysed NO₃, SO₄, NH₄, Na, Mg, Ca, Fe, S, Zn, As, Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Ti, and V. The use of complementary techniques yields reliable data for both trace and crustal elements, overcoming the analytical restrictions characteristic of the individual techniques. Some elements determined by two or by all three techniques can be used as data quality markers. The application of the procedure to a short PM_2.5 monitoring campaign is also described, aimed to the identification of fireworks tracers.     

基于Logistic回归分析的农户参与水土流失治理状况研究——以鄂西地区为例

以鄂西地区利川市两类典型水土保持项目为例, 通过实地调查, 分析农户对水土保持工程的认知、行为特征及评价, 并采用Logistic模型分析了影响农户参与水土保持行为的因素。研究结果表明:农户对水土保持的参与认知度较高, 但是责任意识较差, 更多的寄于政府, 同时农户主要以参与水土保持工程建设的形式参与水土流失治理, 但在水土保持维护、组织、监督管理方面参与度较低;农户的教育水平越高, 其参与水土保持的程度越高;影响农户参与水土保持行为的因素主要是农户教育水平和水土保持外部环境;农户是否愿意参与水土保持与农户教育水平、政府采取的增收措施和工程补偿、水土保持工程进展呈显著性关系;农户主动参与水土保持工程与农户教育水平、是否检举破坏水土资源行为呈显著关系。结果对于揭示农户参与生态环境治理的行为机理有重要意义。     

中国电子垃圾回收企业的环保意识及行为的影响因素分析研究——以浙江为例

为了探索电子废弃物回收处理企业的环保意识及行为的影响因素,首先基于国内外研究学者的研究结果并结合中国电子废弃物回收处理企业的实践情况,提出一个假设结构框架。其次以浙江省为例,通过问卷调查法,将企业环保行为作为被解释变量,企业能力、管理者环境态度、消费者环境意识和企业经济效益作为解释变量,构建logistic回归模型,从而系统的揭示了企业进行环保处理的影响因素,研究结果表明:企业管理者环境态度对企业行为是否环保具有最重要的影响;企业经济效益对企业环保行为具有显著的正向作用;企业自身能力对企业环保行为具有一定程度的影响。最后,根据研究所得结果,提出了相应的促进企业进行环保处理的措施。