Co-transport of dissolved organic matter and heavy metals in soils induced by excessive phosphorus applications

To evaluate the e ects of long-term applications of phosphorus fertilizers on mobility of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and heavy metals in agricultural soils, a sandy soil and a loamy soil were spiked with ammonium phosphate at application rates of 0, 25, 50, 100, 250, and 500 mg P per kilogram of soil. A series of 15-cm long soil columns were constructed by packing incubated soils of varying concentrations of P. The soil columns were consecutively leached by simulated rainfalls for six cycles. The contents of water extractable organic carbon in both sandy and loamy soils increased significantly with increasing rates of P applications. Relatively high rates of P applications could induce a marked increase in DOM concentrations in the leachates, the e ects were larger with the sandy soil rather than with the loamy soil. Applications of P changed the partitioning of trace metals in the soil solids and the soil solutions. The increased P application rates also seemed to elevate the leaching of Cu, Cd, and Zn from soils. The concentrations of Cu, Cd, and Zn in the leachates were positively correlated with DOM, probably due to the formation of metal-DOM complexes. In contrast, Pb concentrations in the leachates were negatively correlated with DOM, and decreased with increasing rates of P applications. The boosted leaching of DOM induced by high rates of P applications was probably due to the added phosphate ions competing for adsorption sites in the soil solids with the indigenous DOM.     

DELtatox便携式毒性测试仪在Q—TOX和B—TOX两种模式下应用与探讨

随着经济社会的发展,突发性水质污染事故日趋增多。因此能够快速、准确测定水质状况是环境应急监测的一项重要工作。在一起水厂取水口有人投药打鱼事故中,采用DELtatox便携式毒性测试仪在Q—TOX和B—TOX两种模式下快速检测事发地水质,结果表明快速、高效的检测为此次污染事故的成功处置提供了技术支持,为以后类似突发污染事故的应急监测提供了参考。     

二噁英的毒性及其对人体健康影响的研究进展

二噁英(dioxin),是一类毒性很强的三环芳香族有机化合物。近年来随着二噁英污染事件的频频发生,人们对二噁英的危害也日益关注。文章从二噁英的结构、理化性质、检测方法、毒性机理以及它对人体健康的影响等方面,对近年来已取得的成果进行了综述,并对今后有效的控制管理措施提出了相应的建议。     

新化矿区煤矸石中微量元素赋存形态及浸出特征

利用BCR连续提取法和浸泡实验,对贵州省新化煤矿区不同风化程度的煤矸石中微量元素As、Cd、V、Zn、Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb的赋存形态及浸出浓度进行研究。赋存形态研究结果表明:在煤矸石中As和Cd元素主要以酸溶态、可还原态和可氧化态形式赋存,而其他微量元素V、Zn、Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb主要以残渣态形式赋存;除了V元素的赋存形态含量百分比不受煤矸石风化程度影响外,其它微量元素的赋存形态的含量百分比均会受到煤矸石风化程度的影响。煤矸石的浸出实验表明:浸泡时间是影响煤矸石中微量元素释放的一个重要因素;在浸泡过程中,大部分微量元素在浸泡前期的浸出浓度受煤矸石风化程度的影响,Zn和Cu元素则是在整个浸泡过程的浸出浓度均受到煤矸石风化程度的影响;不同粒径大小的煤矸石在浸泡过程中,除微量元素As和Co的浸出浓度不受煤矸石粒径大小的影响,其他微量元素在浸泡前期和中期的浸出浓度均与煤矸石的粒径大小呈反比。     

氨对垃圾焚烧飞灰浸出特性的影响及地球化学模拟

垃圾焚烧飞灰可能因为选择性非催化还原法(SNCR)脱硝过程中氨泄漏、垃圾携带的渗滤液受热挥发等原因而吸附氨.本研究中采用人为添加氨水,在pH为3.66～12.44范围内,研究氨对飞灰中溶解性有机碳(DOC)和重金属浸出的影响,并利用地球化学模拟软件Visual MINTEQ从金属化学形态分布上分析氨对飞灰浸出的影响机制.结果表明,DOC在pH>9和有高浓度氨(≥1 357 mg·L-1)存在时,其浸出量大幅增加,而在浸出液中氨的水平不高于537 mg·L-1时则受氨的影响很小;在pH<6时,飞灰中各金属主要以自由态的金属离子和金属-氯络离子形态大量溶出,且受氨的影响较小;而在pH为8～12的碱性环境中和氨浓度较高时(≥3 253 mg·L-1),氨与金属生成了可溶性的金属-氨配合物,能显著增加Cd、Cu、Ni、Zn的浸出,且在pH=9附近时浸出量达到最大值,但氨对Al和Pb的浸出影响甚微;在pH>12时,Cd、Cu、Ni、Zn主要以羟基金属离子形式存在.在氨浓度为3 253 mg·L-1时,通过利用Visual MINTEQ模拟浸出值与试验数据的对比,发现Al、Pb、Zn的浸出主要由溶解/沉淀模型控制,而Cd、Cu、Ni由溶解/沉淀模型和表面吸附反应模型同时控制,且Visual MINTEQ模型能较好地预测飞灰中Al、Cu、Pb、Zn的浸出特性.     

CdSe/ZnS量子点对稀有鮈鲫胚胎发育的影响及其氧化应激作用

本研究以稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)为对象,研究了不同浓度CdSe/ZnS量子点(QDs)暴露下,稀有鮈鲫胚胎发育过程中自主运动频率、内心率和体长的变化,以及利用体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和丙二醛(MDA)作为毒性指标,反映CdSe/ZnS QDs暴露对稀有鮈鲫胚胎发育的氧化应激作用.结果显示:CdSe/ZnS QDs对稀有鮈鲫胚胎72 hpf(hours post fertilization)的半致死浓度(LC50)为319.629 nmol·L-1,96 hpf的半致畸浓度(EC50)为203.312 nmol·L-1.CdSe/ZnS QDs暴露不仅影响稀有鮈鲫胚胎死亡率、畸形率、自主运动频率、孵化时间和孵化率,而且使其内心率减缓、体长缩短,导致胚胎卵凝结,心包囊肿,出现脊椎弯曲等多种毒性现象.同时发现,CdSe/ZnS QDs暴露导致稀有鮈鲫体内MDA含量增加以及SOD活力的降低.这表明CdSe/ZnS QDs对稀有鮈鲫胚胎发育具有致畸、致死作用,而氧化应激可能是引起其胚胎致畸、致死的重要机制之一.     

澳门城市垃圾焚烧底灰的重金属淋溶及其遗传毒性评价

应用美国国家环境保护局推荐的毒性特性溶出程序(toxicitycharacteristicleachingprocedure,TCLP),以及ICP-MS和ICP-AES技术研究了澳门城市垃圾焚烧底灰中重金属的淋溶,并结合蚕豆根尖微核试验评价了其潜在的生态与健康风险.结果显示,该底灰淋溶出来的重金属元素:铝(Al)、锰(Mn)、钴(Co)和汞(Hg)的浓度低于0.01mg·L-1,铁(Fe)、铜(Cu)和钼(Mo)的浓度低于0.1mg·L-1,而铬(Cr)、锌(Zn)、硒(Se)、锶(Sr)、钡(Ba)和铯(Cs)的浓度在0.11mg·L-1￣2.19mg·L-1之间.需要注意的是淋溶液中铅(Pb)的浓度异常高,最高可达19.06mg·L-1,超过了美国相关标准的上限(5mg·L-1);对比不同条件下底灰中重金属的淋溶情况,表明溶解作用和淋溶液的pH值是影响其淋溶的2个重要因素.蚕豆根尖微核试验显示各淋溶液处理组根尖细胞微核率明显升高,与阴性对照组相比具有显著性差异(p<0.05),表明各淋溶液具有遗传毒性;随着淋溶液中重金属浓度的增加,蚕豆根尖细胞所表现出来的毒性效应增强,表明重金属是淋溶液具有遗传毒性的重要原因.     

大连市化肥农药流失入海量分析

对1996~2000年间,大连市化肥农药使用现状进行了统计分析,运用不同类型有机物理论化学耗氧量的数学计算模型,分别计算了大连市化肥农药流失和工业废水排放对海域的污染影响,结果认为大连市化肥农药流失对海域污染物COD的污染贡献率远远大于工业废水排放的COD贡献率。最终提出应采取加强化肥农药使用管理等有效手段防治近岸海域化肥农药流失污染。     

Selection of appropriate organic additives for enhancing Zn and Cd phytoextraction by hyperaccumulators

Chelant-enhanced phytoextraction is one of the most promising technologies to remove heavy metals from soil. The key of the technology is to choose suitable additives in combination with a suitable plant. In the present study, laboratory batch experiment of metal solubilization, cress seeds germination were undertaken to investigate the metal-mobilizing capability and the phytotoxicity of organic additives, including ethylene diamine triacetic acid （EDTA）, citric acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, glutamine and monosodium glutamate waste liquid （MGWL） from food industry. Experiments in pots were carried out to study the effects of the additives on Zn and Cd phytoextraction. Furthermore, a leaching experiment with lysimeter was performed to evaluate the environmental risks of additive-induced leaching to underground water. The results showed that EDTA had a strong mobilizing ability for Zn and Cd, followed by mixed reagent （MR） and MGWL. MGWL and acetic acid at 5 mmol equivalent per liter resulted in seed germination index less than 2%. Experiments in pots verified the phytotoxicity of acetic acid and MGWL. Addition of the mixed reagent at 6--10 mmol/kg significantly increased Zn phytoextraction by Thlaspi caerulescens. The same for EDTA and the mixed reagent at 10 mmol/kg by Sedum dfredii. But only mixed reagents could significantly increase Cd phytoextraction by the studied hyperaccumulators. This suggested that the strong chelant was not always the good agent to enhance phytoextraction. S. alfredii combined with 2--10 mmol/kg soil MR was preferred for phytoremediation of Cd/Zn contaminated soils in southern China, this could result in high phytoextraction of Cd/Zn and reduce the leaching risk to underground water than EDTA assisted phytoextration.     

某矿低铜废石综合回收利用项目职业病危害预评价

为了对某矿业有限公司低铜废石综合回收利用项目可能产生的职业病危害因素进行辨识、分析和评价,采用检查表、类比法相结合的原则对该项目的铲装、破碎、运输、筑堆等工艺进行分析评价,并利用经验法对浸出、萃取电积工艺进行分析评价。结果表明:类比工程中绝大部分粉尘、噪声检测点的浓（强）度符合国家标准;化学毒物、工频电场接触浓（强）度符合国家标准;电积车间的通风满足要求;萃取车间的事故通风能力不足。评价方法及通风计算方法对同类项目具有借鉴意义。