海带对镉、铅的吸附作用及其机理

利用大型海藻海带(Laminaria japonica)作为可降解性生物吸附材料,对有害重金属镉离子和铅离子的吸附作用和机理进行了研究.结果显示,通过电位差滴定法,得到海带的酸性基数量为1.25mmol.g-1,其解离常数为0.18 mmol.l-1.对平衡吸附量与pH的关系进行了模型模拟.海带对于金属离子的吸附为Bidentate型,吸附平衡常数分别为5.72×103L.mol-1,6.28×104L.mol-1.同时,采用拟二次速度模型对镉离子和铅离子的吸附速度进行了模拟,得到的吸附速度常数分别为0.010 min-1,0.014min-1.结论,海带对二价镉、铝离子的吸附量大于很多其它藻类吸附剂,对它的研究可为重金属化湖泊水质的改善和生态修复提供参考依据.     

Elemental uptake by edible herbs and lettuce (Latuca sativa)

The total concentration of toxic elements (aluminum, cadmium, chromium and lead) and selected macro and micro elements (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) are reported in six leafy edible vegetation species, namely lettuce, spinach, cabbage, chards and green and red types of Amaranth herbs. Although spinach and chards had greater than 125 mv of iron, both the amaranthus herbs recorded > than 320 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight. In both the spinach and chard species, the Mn and Zn levels were appreciable recording > 225 μ g g^{? 1} and 150 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight, respectively. Aluminum concentrations were (in μ g g^{? 1} dry weight) lettuce (10), cabbage (11), spinach (167), chards (65), amaranthus green (293) and amaranthus red (233). All the micro and macro elements and the toxic elements (Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) elements analyzed, were below the recommended maximum permitted levels (RMI) in vegetables. Further the elemental uptake and distribution of the nine elements, at three growth stages of the lettuce plant grown on soil bed under controlled conditions are detailed. In the soil, except for iron (16%), greater than 33% of the other cations were in exchangeable form. Generally in the lettuce plant, roots retained much of the iron (> 224 μ g g^{? 1}) and aluminum (> 360 μ g g^{? 1}), while leaves had less than 200 μ g g^{? 1} of iron and 165 μ g g^{? 1} of Al. Although the concentrations of elements marginally decreased with growth, the lettuce leaves had significant amounts of Mn (30 μ g g^{? 1}), Zn (50 μ g g^{? 1}) and Cu (3.6 μ g g^{? 1}). Some presence of lead in leaves (2.0 μ g g^{? 1}) was noticed, but all the toxic and other elements analyzed were well below the RMI values for the vegetables.     

Ascorbic acid, β-carotene,sugars, phenols,and heavy metals in sweet potatoes grown in soil fertilized with municipal sewage sludge

Municipal sewage sludge (MSS) used for land farming typically contains heavy metals that might impact crop quality and human health. A completely randomized experimental design with three treatments (six replicates each) was used to monitor the impact of mixing native soil with MSS or yard waste (YW) mixed with MSS (YW +MSS) on: i) sweet potato yield and quality; ii) concentration of seven heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Mo, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Ni) in sweet potato plant parts (edible roots, leaves, stem, and feeder roots); and iii) concentrations of ascorbic acid, total phenols, free sugars, and β-carotene in sweet potato edible roots at harvest. Soil samples were collected and analyzed for total and extractable metals using two extraction procedures, concentrated nitric acid (to extract total metals from soil) as well as CaCl₂ solution (to extract soluble metals in soil that are available to plants), respectively. Elemental analyses were performed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Overall, plant available metals were greater in soils amended with MSS compared to control plots. Concentration of Pb was greater in YW than MSS amendments. Total concentrations of Pb, Ni, and Cr were greater in plants grown in MSS+YW treatments compared to control plants. MSS+YW treatments increased sweet potato yield, ascorbic acid, soluble sugars, and phenols in edible roots by 53, 28, 27, and 48%, respectively compared to plants grown in native soil. B-carotene concentration (157.5 μg g^?1 fresh weight) was greater in the roots of plants grown in MSS compared to roots of plants grown in MSS+YW treatments (99.9 μg g^?1 fresh weight). Concentration of heavy metals in MSS-amended soil and in sweet potato roots were below their respective permissible limits.     

从银铅锌废渣中回收硝酸银的研究

介绍了用灼烧、浸取、沉淀、溶转和离子交换等方法,从银铅锌废渣中直接回收硝酸银,收率可达80.12%,AgNO3纯度为99.9%。考察了试料粒度、FeCl3质量浓度、溶液酸度、固液比,反应温度及浸取时间对银浸出率的影响。     

燃煤电厂劳动安全卫生预评价探讨

通过对某大型燃煤电厂劳动安全卫生预评价的总结,对正处于起步阶段的电力建设项目劳动安全卫生预评价的程序、特点、内容、深度、方法及需要注意的总是进行论述,试图提高燃煤电厂劳动安全卫生预评价的质量。     

Levels of lead in blood in residents of Kuwait

Following an examination of blood samples from 1000 persons from Kuwait, a number of important differences in the levels of lead in the blood were noted. There were significant differences between the sexes living in the same residential area. Certain significant lead in blood differences were also found between females and males who dyed their hair, and between smokers and non-smokers. Lead in blood concentrations were also tested for the various blood groups of the respondents. It was noted that O⁺ blood group respondents were found to have higher lead levels than those of other major blood groups.     

氨基酸部分取代硝态氮对小白菜硝酸盐累积的影响

采用水培试验研究了氨基酸和硫酸铵部分取代硝态氮对小白菜硝酸盐含量及营养品质的影响.结果表明,谷氨酸与谷氨酰胺等氮量配合(Glu+Gln)部分取代硝态氮对小白菜地上部鲜重和干重的影响较小,但谷氨酸(Glu)和硫酸铵[(NH₄)2SO₄]导致鲜重显著下降,并且Glu使干重也显著下降.氨基酸和硫酸铵部分取代硝态氮均降低小白菜可食部分的硝酸盐的含量,但氨基酸效果更好,依次为Glu>Gln>Glu+Gln;氨基酸部分取代硝态氮均促进小白菜对磷和钾养分的吸收,Gln促进氮的吸收,均提高地上部分的全氮、全磷和全钾的含量;氨基酸和硫酸铵部分取代硝态氮均使小白菜的品质有不同程度提高,其中可溶性糖的含量,除Glu+Gln处理外其他处理都显著高于对照,并以(NH4)2SO4效果最好;Glu能显著增加维生素C的含量,其他处理不显著;除Gln外,各处理均显著增加游离氨基酸的含量,并以Glu+Gln处理效果最佳;Glu和Gln显著增加可溶性蛋白的含量,而(NH₄)₂SO₄和Glu+Gln对可溶性蛋白质含量无明显影响.氨基酸和硫酸铵对小白菜硝酸盐含量及营养品质的影响与其对根系活力,叶绿素含量、谷草转氨酶(GOT)、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性的提高作用有关.     

二氧化硫和铅联合染毒对小鼠遗传物质的损伤

运用单细胞凝胶电泳技术研究了SO₂和醋酸铅亚急性联合染毒对雄性小鼠脑、肺、脾、肾细胞DNA的损伤.结果表明,在42mg/m³ SO₂和0.2%醋酸铅单独及联合作用下,小鼠脑、肺、肾、脾细胞DNA迁移距离均比对照组显著增加,而且铅可以加剧SO₂对脑、肾、脾细胞核DNA的损伤程度;SO₂对肺细胞核DNA的损伤程度要比铅的损伤大,小鼠肺细胞核DNA迁移距离在SO₂和醋酸铅联合作用组与醋酸铅单独作用组间有极显著性差异(P<0.01),而与SO₂单独作用组间没有显著性差异.SO₂和醋酸铅均可引起小鼠组织细胞的DNA损伤,它们对脑、肺、脾、肾的损伤程度不同,在一定条件下存在明显的协同效应,可以增强彼此的毒性作用.这意味着SO₂和铅均有引起哺乳动物细胞基因突变的潜在危险,大气SO₂污染与铅的污染可能加剧某些疾病的发生与发展.     

沈阳市土壤铅对儿童血铅的影响

研究了沈阳市土壤铅和儿童血铅的动态关系,鉴于今后土壤是儿童最重要的铅暴露源,通过土壤铅预测儿童血铅,并计算当土壤铅含量削减到土壤质量二级标准时,儿童血铅恢复到安全阈值(10μg·dL^-1需要的时间,从而为土壤修复提供理论依据.研究表明,土壤铅和儿童血铅的相关系数在地理区水平上最高,为0.9200,地理区客观地代表了儿童铅暴露的真实范围.西部工业区有约90%的儿童血铅水平都高于安全阈值;东部儿童血铅水平最低,几乎没有超标现象;其它地理区儿童血铅的超标范围在3.48%～31.81%.西部工业区儿童血铅恢复到安全阈值以下所需的时间最长,平均为26.68月,其次为北部、东北部、西南部、西北部和中部,东部儿童已在安全水平.无论各地理区儿童血铅水平,还是平均恢复时间和最长恢复时间都受土壤铅含量控制.     

废旧电路板的组成与解离特性研究

废旧印刷电路板是电子废弃物的重要组成部分,含有大量金属、玻璃纤维增强树脂、塑料等有回收利用价值的组分,但处理不当会产生严重污染。在分析中,对细碎到粒度为5mm以下的废旧电路板物料中有价资源的赋存状态和解离特性进行了系统的研究,发现金属与非金属的基本解离粒度为1 2mm,解离度为55. 51%;塑料与其他金属(除铜、铁外)是0. 5mm以上废旧电路板物料中的主要组分,树脂与铜是0 .5mm以下物料中的主要组分;物料中平均金属含量为23. 80%,平均铜含量为5. 78%。