NaCl改性沸石去除水中低浓度铅的研究

实验研究了NaCl改性沸石去除水中铅的效果,比较了沸石改性前后对铅的静态平衡吸附量变化,着重考察了吸附时间、pH值、竞争离子以及有机物对去除铅效果的影响。结果表明:NaCl改性沸石吸附铅速度快,对铅有很好的去除效果,平衡吸附量由改性前的28.57mg/g提高到了32.26mg/g。pH值对NaCl改性沸石去除水中铅的效果有较大影响,在pH=6～7时,去除效果最佳。水中竞争阳离子和有机物的存在,在一定程度上会降低铅的去除效果;随干扰物质浓度的升高,NaCl改性沸石对铅去除率出现了明显的下降,但当干扰物质和水样中铅浓度相当时,NaCl改性沸石可对铅保持很高的去除率。     

放射源使用中潜在照射危险的评价与控制浅述

文章介绍了潜在照射的主要来源及危害。结合实际应用中的具体情况,对其使用实践中可能导致的潜在危害作了简单的分析,并根据ICPLP的相关建议和国家相关的具体要求,提出在放射源应用领域潜在照射控制的主要原则和措施。     

Characterisation of Particulate Matter Sampled during a Study of Children's Personal Exposure to Airborne Particulate Matter in a UK Urban Environment

The personal exposure of children aged 9 – 11 years to particulate matter (PM₁₀ and PM_2.5) was carried out between January and September 1997 in the London Borough of Barnet. Personal sampling along with home, garden and classroom microenvironmental monitoring was completed for all ten children. Each child was monitored for five days during winter, spring and summer. All children completed daily time activity diaries to provide information on any potential activities that could influence their exposure to particulate matter. Each evening a household activity questionnaire was also completed by the parents. Personal Environmental Monitors were used to sample personal exposure to PM₁₀ and PM_2.5. Harvard Impactors were used for the microenvironmental sampling of both size fractions. The children's mean personal exposure concentrations for PM₁₀ during winter, spring and summer were 72, 54 and 35 µg/m³ respectively and for PM_2.5 22, 17 and 18 µg/m³ respectively. In order to determine the potential sources of particulate matter, analysis of the Teflon filters has been undertaken. The physical characteristics of the particles have been identified using Scanning Electron Microscopy. The relationships between personal exposure concentrations and the different microenvironments will be discussed.     

Indoor and outdoor PM mass and number concentrations at schools in the Athens area

Simultaneous indoor and outdoor PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 concentration measurements were conducted in seven primary schools in the Athens area. Both gravimetric samplers and continuous monitors were used. Filters were subsequently analyzed for anion species. Moreover ultrafine particles number concentration was monitored continuously indoors and outdoors. Mean 8-hr PM₁₀ concentration was measured equal to 229 ± 182 μg/m³ indoors and 166 ± 133 μg/m³ outdoors. The respective PM_2.5 concentrations were 82 ± 56 μg/m³ indoors and 56 ± 26 μg/m³ outdoors. Ultrafine particles 8-h mean number concentration was measured equal to 24,000 ± 17,900 particles/cm³ indoors and 32,000 ± 14,200 particles/cm³ outdoors. PM₁₀ outdoor concentrations exhibited a greater spatial variability than the corresponding PM_2.5 ones. I/O ratios were close or above 1.00 for PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 and smaller than 1.00 for ultrafine particles. Very high I/O ratios were observed when intense activities took place. The initial results of the chemical analysis showed that accounts for the 6.6 ± 3.5% of the PM₁₀ and for the 3.1 ± 1.4%.The corresponding results for PM_2.5 are 12.0 ± 7.7% for and 3.1 ± 1.9% for . PM_2.5 indoor concentrations were highly correlated with outdoor ones and the regression line had the largest slope and a very low intercept, indicative of no indoor sources of fine particulate . The results of the statistical analysis of indoor and outdoor concentration data support the use of as a proper surrogate for indoor PM of outdoor origin.     

铅冶炼区土壤重金属总量和有效态含量的函数分析

采集铅冶炼企业周边3 000 m范围内220个表层土壤样品,测定了有毒有害元素铅、镉、砷和汞的总量和有效态含量,探讨了它们之间的关系。结果表明:研究区土壤受到汞、砷、铅、镉的污染依次明显严重,土壤重金属的总量和有效态含量的变异系数均大于100%,土壤镉、铅、汞、砷的生物有效性系数平均值分别为25.9%、17.2%、0.58%、0.11%。土壤铅、镉和砷的总量与其有效态含量呈显著正相关(P0.001),而汞的总量与其有效态含量的相关性不显著(P0.05)。土壤铅和镉的总量和有效态含量可以用直线函数和幂函数表达,函数反推的有效态值和对应统计值的变异系数不大于10%。     

Lead Solubilization and Accumulation by Two Strains of Pseudomonas Obtained from a Contaminated Alfisol's Effluent in Southwestern Nigeria

Two strains of Pseudomonas species (B₂ and D₅)selected from an array of lead solubilizing and accumulatingbacteria obtained from the effluent contaminated soil samples of abattery manufacturing factory were studied. Increase in pH between 4.0 and 6.0 favoured the growth of isolates: Peaklog₁₀ cfu mL^–1 values of 7.1, 7.5 and 8.5 wereobtained at pH 4, 5 and 6, respectively.Cell bound lead concentrations for B₂ (0.34 mg mL^–1)and D₅ (0.30 mg mL^–1) obtained by direct contact withPbs were greater than lead concentrations of 0.89 and 0.25 mg mL^–1 for B₂ and D₅, respectively,obtained in dialyzed cultures. These cell bound lead concentration in undialyzed cultures were alsogreater than lead concentrations of 0.03 and 0.07 mg mL^–1 for B₂ and D₅ in culture supernatants. Glucose addition did nor improve lead accumulation in the isolates.Exploitation of such isolates for the biotreatment of lead ladeneffluent was conducted.     

Benzene Exposure Assessment at Indoor, Outdoor and Personal Levels. The French Contribution to the Life MACBETH Programme

Many VOC represent hazards to human health through chronic exposure. Recent European and world-wide legislation proposes limit values for ambient concentrations of these compounds. However, very little experimental data exists for true population exposure. In 1996, the European MACBETH initiative set out to measure population exposure to benzene in six European cities. This study details the French contribution to this program. Six campaigns were carried out, each comprising measurements at 100 outdoor sites and the participation of 50 non-smoking volunteers who wore personal samplers and had passive monitors installed in their homes. Iso-concentration maps were drawn for each campaign and the results showed that outdoor concentrations were significantly lower than indoors. Almost 75% of the volunteers were exposed to mean concentrations higher than the limit value of 5µgm³. It is demonstrated that personal exposure levels cannot be deduced simply by combining indoor and outdoor background concentrations. It is also shown that there is need for better knowledge of the contributions to overall exposure of outdoor microenvironments and the authors hope that future European directives will take this into account.     

石墨炉法测定铅的基体改进剂的选择

通过一系列实验,选择了石墨炉法测定铅的最佳基体改进剂,并确定了使用该基体改进剂的最佳灰化温度和原子化温度。     

新型全氟化合物——全氟烷基磷酸对环境影响的研究综述

全氟烷基磷酸是一种新型全氟化表面活性剂,被广泛应用于匀染剂、湿润剂和农药中的消泡添加剂等。在美国,基于对其潜在毒性的考虑,美国环境保护总署已禁止全氟烷基磷酸在粮食作物农药中使用。从全氟烷基磷酸的注册使用情况、结构与环境行为、环境介质中的浓度水平和生物暴露毒性等方面分别展开论述,旨在为中国开展该类物质的环境研究提供可借鉴依据。     

广州市居民家庭室内灰尘中传统和新型阻燃剂与塑化剂的污染特征及健康风险评估

近年来,随着阻燃剂多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)和以邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)为代表的传统型塑化剂(LPs)的逐步禁用或限用,有机磷系阻燃剂(PFRs)等新型阻燃剂及替代型塑化剂(APs)的生产和使用呈逐年增长的趋势,其环境污染特征和人体暴露健康风险值得引起广泛关注.目前,灰尘已广泛用于室内环境中PBDEs、PFRs和LPs等半挥发性有机污染物(SVOCs)的污染特征评估,而关于室内灰尘中APs的污染特征则鲜有报道.本研究以广州市42户普通居民家庭为研究对象,采集家庭室内灰尘并分析了PFRs、PBDEs、LPs和APs的含量及组成特征.结果表明,PFRs、PBDEs、LPs和APs在室内灰尘中均有广泛检出,其含量分别为593.28～11531.56、13.45～27029.13、40494.83～1154497.16和15365.19～1013352.51 ng·g^-1.大多数家庭中,PFRs和部分APs在灰尘中的含量呈现高于PBDEs和LPs的特征,PFRs和APs等新型污染物的人体暴露健康风险需引起高度关注.采用暴露模型评估人体经灰尘摄入和皮肤接触对目标污染物的日均暴...