Mapping of noise risk zones derived from religious activities and perceptions in residential neighbourhoods in the Cape Coast metropolis,Ghana

Ambient noise levels emanating from religious activities in residential neighbourhoods are an emerging environmental problem that educes little attention from enforcement agencies and policy makers in Ghana. This paper set out to quantify religious noise exposure in urban residential neighbourhoods in the Cape Coast metropolis of Ghana. Subjective annoyance levels of residents in selected communities were determined. Noise risk zones were mapped using ARCGIS 9.3 software and surface interpolation for the data was carried out using inverse distance weighting. The results show that most (77 and 86 per cent) of the locations recorded noise levels that were above the Ghana Environmental Protection Agency maximum permissible limit for day and night, respectively. Pearson's correlation coefficient for day and night noise exposure shows strong association (0.714) at the 0.01 level. There is variability in the levels of noise for both day and night, which are rather high (standard deviation = 7.59477 and 7.94022, respectively). Generally, levels of noise exposure correlated with levels of annoyance of residents, except that the highest noise exposure was not recorded in the community where the annoyance level of residents was highest. Residential neighbourhoods within the study area largely experienced safe to tolerable levels of religious noise, although 5 per cent were within the high-risk zone. Given that the selected residential areas have high population densities, even when the dispersion of noise risk is spatially limited, it affects a large number of people who belong to different socio-economic classes.     

国内外农药生态风险评价暴露模拟外壳述评

在阐明农药生态风险评价暴露模拟外壳的概念和功能的基础上,介绍了美国PE〔PRZM（pesticide root zonemodel）-EXAMS（exposure analysis modeling system）〕系列外壳和EXPRESS（EXAMS-PRZM exposure simulation shell）系列外壳、欧盟SWASH（surface water scenarios help）外壳及中国PRAESS（pesticide risk assessment exposure simula-tion shell）外壳这几种已开发的农药生态风险评价暴露模拟外壳的开发目的、结构组成、输入参数、运行方式和输出结果等方面的内容,并比较分析了各暴露模拟外壳在包含模型、包含场景、模拟水体类型和主要输出结果方面的异同点,期望为我国农药生态风险评价,尤其是暴露评价研究提供有益借鉴。     

土壤及地下水污染点不同暴露途径的健康风险比较

选择目前国际上应用最为广泛的RBCA模式和Csoil模式,进行土壤污染和地下水污染暴露途径考虑异同的比较,并在此基础上设置典型的污染情景,对不同暴露途径的健康风险进行了计算.Csoil模式比RBCA模式多考虑了3种可能的暴露途径.将2种模式结合进行案例计算的结果表明,表层土壤污染的风险最大;对于浅层土壤污染,考虑淋溶作用时的风险较高.挥发暴露和饮水暴露是土壤及地下水污染点最主要的暴露途径,在RBCA模式中没有考虑的洗澡过程中的暴露也非常重要.对于表层土壤污染,覆土是减小健康风险的有效办法.     

特殊职业人员眼睛的安全与防护

本文主要介绍了特殊职业人员眼睛安全与防护的重要意义,特别强调了针对视觉暴露带来的传染风险控制以及眼睛防护装备的选择和使用。同时还提出了降低眼睛伤害的预防措施,以便为我国特殊职业人员眼睛的安全与防护提供指导。     

Diesel particulate matter exposure and risk control measures

This paper describes the environmental health problem of exposure to diesel particulate matter(DPM) in an underground mine in Western Australia.It contains recommendations for innovative equipment and management improvements in risk control for employees who work in underground mines and for companies who use machines that are powered by diesel fuel.     

海水中金属铅水质基准定值研究

为建立符合我国海洋生物对金属铅耐受能力的海水水质基准,依据可代表我国生物区系特征的生态毒理学数据基于评价因子法及物种敏感度分布模型,对金属铅的海水水质基准进行了推导.推导结果显示,不同的推导方法定值存在明显差异.基于物种敏感度分布模型法,铅的海水水质基准高值(HSWC)定值为275 μg/L;基于评价因子法,铅的海水水质基准低值(LSWC)定值为0.8 μg/L.推导结果可为我国海水水质标准的修订提供有益参考.     

不同交通模式下CO和NOx的暴露水平研究

为研究由于交通模式的差异引起的暴露水平的变化,将监测设备安装在检测车上,检测车以差异的速度行驶模拟出行者在城市道路中不同交通模式下的通行过程. 在2013年7~8月的10个采样日中,保持监测车的行驶速度分别为5, 15, 30km/h依次模拟行人、自行车和电动车在城市道路上行驶,移动检测值为该交通模式下的污染暴露浓度.结果显示步行时平均暴露水平最高,其次为自行车和电动车模式.在3种道路模拟场景中,暴露水平均值由高到低依次为主干路>快速路>支路.与文献结果对比,CO的暴露水平模拟效果优于NOx,且该模拟方法的效率优于传统研究方法.     

Removal of lead from aqueous solution by hydroxyapatite/manganese dioxide composite

A novel composite adsorbent, hydroxyapatite/manganese dioxide (HAp/MnO₂), has been developed for the purpose of removing lead ions from aqueous solutions. The combination of HAp with MnO₂ is meant to increase its adsorption capacity. Various factors that may affect the adsorption efficiency, including solution pH, coexistent substances such as humic acid and competing cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺), initial solute concentration, and the duration of the reaction, have been investigated. Using this composite adsorbent, solution pH and coexistent calcium or magnesium cations were found to have no significant influence on the removal of lead ions under the experimental conditions. The adsorption equilibrium was described well by the Langmuir isotherm model, and the calculated maximum adsorption capacity was 769 mg·g⁻¹. The sorption processes obeyed the pseudo-second-order kinetics model. The experimental results indicate that HAp/MnO₂ composite may be an effective adsorbent for the removal of lead ions from aqueous solutions.     

柠檬酸-施氏矿物复合体对Cd和Pb的吸附研究

施氏矿物(Schwertmannite)是酸性矿区废水污染环境中典型的铁硫酸盐次生矿物,由于其较好的吸附能力成为矿区多种重金属的沉积库.环境中同时广泛存在着各种有机质,易与矿物结合形成有机质矿物复合体,从而影响矿物对重金属的吸附行为.目前关于有机质与施氏矿物形成的复合体对重金属的吸附研究相对较少.因此,本研究选取柠檬酸作为天然有机质的代表,研究不同环境条件下柠檬酸施氏矿物复合体对重金属Cd、Pb的吸附.结果表明,复合体保持着施氏矿物基本的矿物学特征,对重金属Cd和Pb的吸附行为表现出不同的趋势:复合体对Cd的吸附量整体上随着Cd浓度和pH值的升高而上升;相反,复合体对Pb的吸附量均比纯施氏矿物要低,并且随着柠檬酸含量的升高吸附量下降越明显;体系中共存的硫酸根离子(SO₄^2-)抑制了复合体对Cd的吸附,而对Pb的吸附则起到促进作用.XRD分析表明柠檬酸抑制了高pH下Pb在矿物表面形成PbSO₄沉淀.FTIR红外谱图进一步证明结合在复合体上的柠檬酸参与了对Cd和Pb的吸附过程.本研究结果有助于更好地预测Cd和Pb在矿区的迁移和归宿.     

天津市老年人PM2.5暴露研究

为了解老年人PM2.5暴露特征并为流行病学研究提供数据支持,本研究选取天津市某社区101名老年人(平均年龄为67岁),在2011年夏季(6月13日~7月2日)和冬季(11月30日~12月12日)分别对其PM2.5暴露水平进行了监测,并对其时间活动模式进行了记录.结果显示,老年人平均85%以上的时间是在居室内度过的.夏季和冬季老年人PM2.5个体暴露浓度分别为 (124.2±75.2)μg/m3和(170.8±126.6)μg/m3.使用时间加权模型对老年人个体暴露浓度进行预测,夏季和冬季个体暴露实测浓度与预测浓度差值分别为0.6~220.9 μg/m3和0.6~416.8 μg/m3.吸烟活动会导致老年人个体暴露浓度升高.相关性分析表明PM2.5个体暴露浓度与环境浓度的相关性强于其与室内浓度的相关性,这为使用环境浓度替代或预测个体暴露浓度提供了支持.