钛基二氧化铅掺杂电极对附子加工废水的降解研究

采用电沉积法分别制备末修饰、掺杂Bi、Cu和Bi+Cu四种钛基PbO2电极,利用扫描电镜(SEM)对制得的4种电极进行了表征.同时用所制得的电极对附子废水进行降解试验.研究表明Bi+Cu混合掺杂的电极能显著改善钛基PbO2电极的性能,对COD的去除率达到67.73%,对氯离子的去除率也能达到43.20%,而未掺杂电极对...     

我国近岸海域优先控制有机污染物的筛选

针对当前我国海洋环境中有机污染现状和监测评价的需求,本文借鉴国内外研究经验,以我国近岸海域有机污染物的环境分布浓度、污染物的急慢性毒性和理化性质为评价赋值指标,建立了基于环境暴露指数和环境效应指数为基础的优先控制有机污染物定量筛选方法.利用本筛选方法,尝试性的提出了我国近岸海域优先控制有机污染物名单,以此为海洋管理部门...     

An occupational chemical priority list for future life cycle assessments

A chemical priority list is presented to screen and identify relevant chemicals, for which more detailed and industrial-sector specific quantitative exposure, risk and life-cycle assessments should be completed. A list of 38 solvents were ranked according to the framework of the LCA toxicity model, USEtox, and according to the framework proposed by the UNEP/SETAC working group on Indoor Exposure Assessment in LCA. An additional method, based on a risk assessment (RA) framework, was used to examine the robustness of the priority rank. Under both schemes dichloromethane, ethanol, formaldehyde, hexane and toluene all rank in the top ten positions. These chemicals are currently relevant with regard to health effects on a population level. Some of these chemicals are known as hazardous, while others, such as ethanol, have a low toxicity but were prioritized because of their extensive use and high exposure levels. This study attempts to combine the knowledge and methods of the LCA and occupational hygiene communities in assessing health impacts. It provides a consistent and transparent method for rapid comparative assessments of different chemicals and identifies the chemicals and workplaces that will require more thorough investigations.     

Accident risk of foreign drivers in various road environments

INTRODUCTION: This paper reports on the accident risk of foreign and native drivers in various road environments in Greece. In particular, the analysis aims to determine the combined effect of driver nationality, area type (inside/outside urban area), junction (yes/no), and lighting conditions (day/night) on accident fault risk. METHODS: Data from the national accident database of Greece are used in a hierarchical log-linear analysis. The induced exposure technique is applied due to the lack of exposure data. Estimated and observed odds ratios are then examined for the quantification of the various effects in terms of relative risk. RESULTS: The initial examination of a saturated model leads to the rejection of all three- and higher-order effects within variables, without providing an adequate fit to the data. On the contrary, a non-saturated second-order model presents a very satisfactory overall fit. The examination of single and combined effects indicates that the most significant effect on accident risk rises from the presence of foreign drivers at junctions. CONCLUSIONS: Results confirm that foreign drivers in Greece are at increased risk. However, immigrant permanent residents appear to have a lower risk compared to tourists, regardless of the road environment.     

广东汕头市农业土壤和蔬菜铅含量及健康风险评估

重金属元素铅的危害已经引起人们的广泛关注,为了得到汕头市土壤及蔬菜铅污染的状况,选取了该市115个土壤样品及34个蔬菜样品进行铅含量分析.研究发现,汕头市土壤样品铅含量差异较大,最高含量为110mg/kg,最低含量则为12.1mg/kg,极差达到97.9mg/kg.56.52%的土壤样品铅含量超过国家土壤环境质量标准,表明该市土壤铅污染存在普遍性,且各区(县)土壤铅含量极不均匀.汕头市蔬菜样品铅含量全部超过国家食品卫生标准(GB 14935-94),不同蔬菜品种对铅的富集能力均较强,蔬菜样品铅最低含量为5mg/kg,最高含量为85mg/kg,分别为国家标准限值的5倍和425倍.经分析认为,该市铅污染源主要来自工业"三废"排放、大量含铅农药的使用、汽车尾气排放以及大气沉降等.还对汕头市民通过食用蔬菜而导致的铅暴露进行了健康风险评估,结果表明该市居民使用蔬菜存在较大的健康风险.     

A new photon kinetic-measure based on the kinetics of electron-hole pairs in photodegradation of textile wastewater using the UV-H2O2FS-TiO2 process

Actual textile wastewater and synthesized wastewater containing various textile dyes were photocatalytic degraded by the UVH2O2Fs-TiO2 process in an aimular-flow photocatalytic reactor. In this process, a photon kinetic-measure was adopted to obtain constant rates of dyes decomposition. It was theorized that, by illumination at different UV frequencies, the electrons within the semiconductor were excited from the valence band to the conduction band, yielding the formation of electron-hole pairs which are the pre-requisites for photocatalysis. CPT （critical photonic time） exposure required to cause 90% of vibrations between the double and single bonds along the molecular chain of the dyes to be oxidized, was taken to measure the photocatalytic activities. The CPTs varied with the frequencies of the UV spectral areas. The derivatization of CPT from the first-order kinetic law was presented.     

饮用水中消毒副产物的室内暴露模拟方法研究进展

在居民日常涉水活动中,居民饮用水中的消毒副产物(Disinfection By-Products,DBPs)可通过人体消化道、呼吸及皮肤吸收3种途径长期暴露于人体,从而引起各种健康危害效应.对国内外饮用水DBPs水质标准及暴露研究现状进行了阐述,分析了发生在不同涉水过程中的暴露途径及影响暴露途径和暴露效率的因素,重点对3种暴露途径下的常用暴露估算数学模型及其应用进行了总结,对国内外暴露参数的研究现状及重要性进行了阐述.     

中国六溴环十二烷(HBCD)的职业环境健康风险评估

为了反映中国的六溴环十二烷(HBCD)职业健康风险状况,结合中国HBCD相关行业的生产状况,构建了6种中国的HBCD职业暴露情景,预估可能暴露于HBCD的职业人群数量为614～963人.然后利用EASE模型模拟职业暴露水平,并通过安全边际表征职业健康风险.结果表明,职业人群主要通过呼吸和皮肤途径接触HBCD,其相应的内暴露水平可达到0.07～1.63 mg/(kg·d)和0～0.84mg/(kg·d);由此可以估算职业人群总的暴露剂量达到0.07～1.80mg/(kg·d),这比普通人群对HBCD的暴露水平高3～5个数量级.风险评估表明,16％的职业人群具有反复染毒的风险,69％的职业人群具有产生生殖毒性的风险,总计职业人群中具有健康风险的人数为424.04～665.70,约占职业人群数量的70％,由此可见HBCD的职业暴露能够损害工人健康.     

华南典型城市区域PM2.5中七种塑化剂污染特征和暴露研究

对华南地区某典型城市工业区和居民区两种不同区域的大气PM2.5中7种塑化剂污染分布特征和暴露水平进行了研究.结果表明,在监测期间两类区域大气PM2.5中主要以DnBP、DEHP为主,五日平均浓度分别为38.3～42.9 ng/m3、119～144 ng/m3,两类区域的PM2.5中7种塑化剂总体污染浓度水平相当,居民区总体污染情况略轻于工业区.7种塑化剂的成人室外PM2.5呼吸暴露水平范围为0.051 9 ～ 36.8 ng/(kg·d),其中工业区的DEHA暴露水平比居民区的高出一倍,其它的几种塑化剂在两类区域中的呼吸暴露水平相当.     

焦化厂区空气中SO2和颗粒物的分布及暴露评价研究

对中国山西的土焦炉、热回收焦炉、机焦炉炉顶及周围环境进行采样监测,大型机焦炉颗粒物单位排放浓度高于土焦炉和热回收焦炉,同时超过《炼焦炉大气污染物排放标准》(GB 16171-1996)中国家二级标准限值3.5 mg/m3.机焦炉炉顶在出焦环节超过国家污染物排放标准的5倍.在此种污染物暴露的环境下长期工作生活,对人的健康会造成很大的危害.因此看出全国焦化行业存在着污染物排放治理问题、环保设备更新应用问题以及焦化工人的身体健康问题.