地震灾害经济损失估算与预测方法

本文通过对地震造成的社会环境物理破坏损失以及这种物理破坏导致的经济领域损失的分析，研究了直接经济损失预测方法，给出了地震人员死亡率和直接经济损失率的相关统计关系；并根据两种不同的经济分析模型，提出了地震灾害间接经济损失预测方法：经济计量模式和投入产出方法。     

地震灾害损失预测的动态分析模型

本文提出了一个地震灾害预测的动态分析模型。这个模型基于概率理论基础,考虑了一个城市因建设的发展,新房屋日益增多,部分旧房屋被淘汰,对城市抗震能力引起的变化;和由于经济的发展,社会财富的增加,对地震损失的影响。为解决这—问题,文中提出了动态震害矩阵和动态损失矩阵的求解方法。根据这一方法可以预测未来不同年代的地震经济损失。     

Sediment–Water Interactions in an Eroded and Heavy Metal Contaminated Peatland Catchment,Southern Pennines,UK

Atmospherically deposited lead in the upper layer of the heavily eroded peatlands of the Peak District, southern Pennines, UK, reaches concentrations in excess of 1,000 mg kg⁻¹. Erosion of the upper peat layer in this region is releasing lead, associated with eroded peat particles, into the fluvial system. Understanding the process mechanisms that control dissolved lead concentrations in contaminated peatland streams is vital for understanding lead cycling and transport in peatland streams. Many headwater streams of the southern Pennines recharge drinking water reservoirs. Measurements in the Upper North Grain (UNG) study catchment show that mean sediment-associated and dissolved lead concentrations are 102 ± 39.4 mg kg⁻¹ and 5.73 ± 2.16 μg l⁻¹, respectively. Experimental evidence demonstrates that lead can desorb from suspended sediments, composed of contaminated peat, into stream waters. In-stream processing could therefore account for the elevated dissolved lead concentrations in the fluvial system of UNG.     

同位素稀释质谱法测定IMEP-6水样品中的痕量镉和铅

采用国际公认的具有绝对测量性质的同位素稀释质谱法（ＩＤＭＳ）为国际测量评估计划（ＩＭＥＰ－６）所用比对样品定值，准确测定了该样品中痕量镉和铅，提供的测定值与事后组织者公布的标准值附和较好。     

城市供水管网漏损控制潜力研究

在我国备城市普遍缺水的同时,城市供水管网的漏损状况却相当的严重,科学衡量漏损控制的潜力,对于控制漏损和科学地进行城市水资源规划和需求管理非常重要.从技术潜力、经济潜力、社会潜力三方面将城市供水管网漏损控制的潜力进行了分析.提出了以社会最优值作为漏损控制的目标,以社会潜力作为需求管理的依据,同时综合考虑技术潜力和经济潜力.社会最优控制水平和企业的经济漏损控制水平之间有时会存在很大差异.科学的划分政府和企业在控制漏损的义务是非常必要的,如果需要企业的漏损控制水平小于经济漏损水平时政府应该给予一定的补偿,这样才能增加企业控制管网漏损的积极性.     

者海铅锌渣中重金属的赋存形态及环境风险评价

以者海铅锌中和渣和水淬渣为研究对象,利用原子吸收和原子荧光分光光度法测定其重金属(As、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr)的含量,采用BCR连续提取法研究了重金属元素的形态分布特征,利用单因子污染指数法、潜在生态风险评价指数法和风险评价编码法对该铅锌渣中重金属的超标水平及生态风险进行评价。结果表明:(1)参考土壤环境质量三级标准,中和渣中的Cd、Zn、Cu超标倍数分别为215、20.6和4.65,水淬渣中的Cd、Zn、As超标倍数分别为11.51、8.62和3.075,中和渣中Cd、Zn、Cu和水淬渣中Cd、Zn污染程度较严重,水淬渣中的As也存在轻度污染性,对生态环境存在威胁。(2)中和渣中Pb、Zn及Cr的主要形态为可还原态,Cd和Cu的主要赋存形态为弱酸提取态,As的残渣态所占比例最大;水淬渣中的Pb、Cd、Cr、As主要赋存于残渣态,Cu和Zn的主要形态分别为可氧化态和可还原态。(3)潜在生态风险评价结果表明,中和渣中Cd和Zn分别处于很高和高生态风险等级,水淬渣中Cd处于偏高生态风险,其他几种重金属则表现为低生态风险。铅锌渣RI值介于183.81~5357.58,为中等-严重生态风险,Cd的风险贡献率最高。(4)风险评价编码法研究表明,中和渣中Cd和Cu分别处于极高和高风险级、Cr和As处于中等风险级;水淬渣中Cd、Zn、As均处于中等风险级,其他重金属处于低风险级,并且中和渣和水淬渣的RAC值顺序为CdCuCrAsZnPb和ZnAsCdCrCuPb。     

活化剩余污泥对Pb2+的吸附热力学研究

以城市污水处理厂脱水干污泥为原料,以浓硫酸为活化剂,制备活化剩余污泥吸附剂,采用正交试验法考察了Pb2+初始质量浓度、初始pH值、吸附温度、活化剩余污泥投加量对活化剩余污泥吸附性能的影响.结果表明,活化剩余污泥对Pb2+的最佳吸附条件为pb2+初始质量浓度60 mg/L、初始pH值5、活化剩余污泥投加量100mg、吸附温度288 K,影响从高到低的各因素为Pb2+初始质量浓度、吸附温度、初始pH值、活化剩余污泥投加量.采用Langmuir、Freundlich、D-K-R吸附等温方程对不同温度下的吸附平衡试验数据进行拟合.Langmuir吸附等温方程可以较好地描述活化剩余污泥对pb2+的吸附平衡过程.其吸附过程吉布斯自由能△G为-3.35 ～-0.32 kJ/mol,焓变△H和熵变△S均为负值,表明活化剩余污泥对pb2+的吸附是自发的、以物理吸附为主的放热反应.     

文山市部分蔬菜中铅、镉含量测定

采用石墨炉原子吸收法通过随机抽样对文山市老三七农贸市场销售的6种蔬菜中铅、镉含量进行测定。结果表明:不同蔬菜中铅、镉含量不同;同种蔬菜不同部分对铅、镉的富集也不同;文山市老三七农贸市场销售的蔬菜中有重金属铅、镉的污染情况存在,但不严重。分析了蔬菜中重金属铅、镉污染的主要原因及防治措施。     

Immobilization of lead in anthropogenic contaminated soils using phosphates with/without oxalic acid

Understanding the effects of oxalic acid (OA) on the immobilization of Pb(II) in contaminated soils by phosphate materials, has considerable benefits for risk assessment and remediation strategies for the soil. A series of phosphate amendments with/without oxalic acid were applied to two anthropogenic contaminated soils. We investigated the immobilization of Pb(II) by KH₂PO₄, phosphate rock (PR), activated phosphate rock (APR) and synthetic hydroxyapatite (HAP) at different phosphate:Pb (P:Pb) molar ratios (0, 0.6, 2.0 and 4.0) in the presence/absence of 50 mmol oxalic acid/kg soil, respectively. The effects of treatments were evaluated using single extraction with deionized water or CaCl₂, Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) methods. Our results showed that the concentration of water extractable, exchangeable and TCLP-Pb all decreased with incubation time. The concentration of water-extractable Pb after 120 days was reduced by 100% when soils were amended with APR, HAP and HAP + OA, and the TCLP-Pb was <5 mg/L for the red soil at P:Pb molar ratio 4.0. Water-soluble Pb could not be detected and the TCLP-Pb was <5 mg/L at all treatments applied to the yellow-brown soil. BCR results indicated that APR was most effective, although a slight enhancement of water-soluble phosphate was detected at the P:Pb molar ratio 4.0 at the beginning of incubation. Oxalic acid activated phosphates, and so mixing insoluble phosphates with oxalic acid may be a useful strategy to improve their effectiveness in reducing Pb bioavailability.     

C60丙二酸二(2,4,6-三硝基苯乙基)酯马来酸聚合物铅盐的合成

以TNT和甲醛为原料,首先得到2,4,6-三硝基苯乙醇(TNPE),TNPE和丙二酰氯经酯化反应合成得到丙二酸二(2,4,6-三硝基苯乙基)酯(TNPEM),TNPEM与C60通过Bingel反应制备了C60丙二酸二(2,4,6-三硝基苯乙基)酯(FTNPEM).FTNPEM再与马来酸和硝酸铅通过共聚合成盐反应得到含能的C60丙二酸二(2,4,6-三硝基苯乙基)酯马来酸聚合物铅盐5.采用FT-IR、UV-Vis、GPC、XPS、XRD等表征方法对聚合物及其铅盐的结构进行了分析.利用差热分析法(DTA)和热重分析法(TGA)对聚合物铅盐5的热稳定性及其对RDX的热分解催化作用进行了研究.结果表明,在空气气氛下,聚合物铅盐5初始分解峰值温度为239℃,表明产物热稳定性良好.对RDX热分解催化作用研究结果表明,聚合物铅盐5能加速RDX的分解,并使RDX分解峰温降低6℃.