Drinking water biotic safety of particles and bacteria attached to fines in activated carbon process

In this paper, the drinking water biotic safety of particles and bacteria attached to fines in activated carbon process was investigated by actual treatment process and advanced treatment pilot trial with granular activated carbon. In the experiment, the particles were detected by IBR particle calculating instrument, the activated carbon fines were counted on the basis of the most probable number (MPN) with a microscope, the total number of bacteria was analyzed between the conventional agar culture medium and the one with R2A, and the bacteria attached to activated carbon fines was resolved by the homogenization technique. The experimental results showed that the average total number of particles was 205 CNT/mL in the activated carbon effluent during a filter cycle, of which the number of particles with sizes > 2 μm was 77 CNT/mL more than the present particle control criterion of the American drinking water product standard (50 CNT/mL). The backwash of low density and long duration lowered particle number in the effluent. The MPN of activated carbon fines in the effluent was between 400 and 600 CNT/L, which accounted for less than 5‰ of the total particles from activated carbon filtration for a poor relative level (R ² = 0.34). The microorganisms in activated carbon effluent consisted mostly of heterotrophic bacillus and the total bacteria number was five times as high as that of the inflow, i.e. the effluent from sand filter. The actual bacteria number may be truly indicated by the detection technique with R2A culture medium compared with the traditional agar cultivation. The inactivation efficiency of bacteria attached to activated carbon fines was less than 40% under 1.1 mg/L of chlorine contacting for 40 min. Results showed that the particles and bacteria attached to activated carbon fines may influence drinking water biotic safety, and that the effective control measures need to be further investigated.     

The Composition of PM10 as collected by a Conventional TEOM, a Modified TEOM and a Partisol Gravimetric Monitor at a Kerbside Site in the North East of England

The composition of airborne particulate matter sampled by a conventional TEOM^®, an experimental modified TEOM, operated at a lower temperature but fitted with a drier to remove moisture and a Partisol^®, installed at a kerbside site in the North East of England, has been investigated. The results indicate that there is a seasonal variation in the composition of PM₁₀ as sampled by the three monitors, with chloride concentration being significantly higher in the winter. The Partisol was found to sample a higher mass of chloride and nitrate, however the differences between the monitors was only significant for chloride. Both TEOM's were found to sample a greater mass of sulphate, although the variability in the data collected meant that significance of the results was not proven statistically. The range of artifacts associated with PM₁₀ monitors is reviewed. Difficulties in the interpretation of results due to the variable nature of airborne particulate matter and the ability of filter based systems to accurately represent the composition of atmospheric particles are considered.     

固体颗粒沉积对7B04 铝合金初期大气腐蚀行为的影响

目的研究Na Cl,C,Si O2三种固体颗粒对7B04铝合金初期大气腐蚀行为的影响。方法通过对三种固体颗粒沉积试样进行户内暴露试验,结合质量增量测试、腐蚀形貌观察、微区电化学测试等手段研究7B04铝合金在不同固体颗粒沉积下的初期腐蚀行为。结果经过不同周期暴露试验后,Na Cl与Si O2颗粒沉积7B04铝合金在腐蚀初期即有点蚀萌生,且腐蚀质量增量随暴露时间呈上升趋势;C颗粒沉积7B04铝合金在暴露后期出现少量点蚀,无明显腐蚀质量增量。三种颗粒沉积后7B04铝合金表面电位呈不均匀分布,并随暴露时间的增加,电位分布发生了变化。结论在25℃,RH为95%条件下,Na Cl与Si O2颗粒沉积均可诱发7B04铝合金的大气腐蚀,而C颗粒沉积则无诱发作用。     

组合式空气过滤器性能试验研究

针对集中式空调系统使用的空气过滤器普遍存在过滤效率低、阻力高的问题。通过试验,对比研究了单体涤纶粗效G4过滤器、驻极体袋式空气过滤器(300,450,600 mm袋深)及两者组合的过滤器的性能。结果表明:对于驻极体袋式空气过滤器,过滤效率随风量增加呈现逐渐减小的趋势,但在低风量范围存在效率较低的点;对于袋式空气过滤器在袋数相同的情况下,阻力随袋深增加逐渐减小,当减小至某一值时阻力会随袋深增加增大,即存在最优袋深,为450~600 mm。对于组合式空气过滤器,其阻力小于相同风量下相应单体空气过滤器阻力值的计算和,在测试风量下,其计数效率大于等于95%;单位面积容尘量是相应风量下单体空气过滤器计算和的1.7~8.5倍。     

黄河水体颗粒物对几种多环芳烃生物降解过程的影响

以典型的多泥沙河流黄河为例,采用微宇宙实验模拟研究水体中多环芳烃、苯并(a)芘和苯并(g,h,i)的自然生物降解过程.结果表明,颗粒物对体系中各种多环芳烃的生物降解均有一定的促进作用;可用不支持微生物生长的基质动力学降解模型对降解过程进行模拟,降解速率常数随颗粒物含量的增加而增加.对于颗粒物含量分别为0、4和10g·L-1的水体,当的初始含量为3.8μg·L-1时,其降解速率常数K1分别为0.053、0.083和0.102d-1.水体颗粒物对多环芳烃生物降解速率的影响机制主要包括以下几方面:(1)颗粒物的存在使水体多环芳烃主要存在于颗粒相;(2)颗粒物的存在促进了微生物的生长,且微生物主要存在于颗粒相;(3)整个体系中多环芳烃的降解主要发生在水颗粒相界面.     

不同高度大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的粒径分布

在天津地区20m,40m和60m三个不同高度同步采集冬季大气颗粒物中PM10样品,测定了16种多环芳烃(PAHs)含量．不同高度PM10中PAHs的含量均表现出大气颗粒物中随高度先增后降的趋势,颗粒物质量中值直径(MMD)也呈现类似规律,但PAHs总浓度的MMD则呈向上递增的趋势．不同高度PAHs的粒径分布差别不大,高分子量的PAHs主要集中在空气动力学直径Dp＜2um的细颗粒上,而Dp＞2um的粗颗粒上低分子量的PAHs相对较多．     

N:P stoichiometry and transparent exopolymeric particles buffer ecological impacts of nutrients in the Ganga River: a mesocosm study

We investigated the possible drivers of the N:P stoichiometric shift and its relationship with micro-algal production of transparent exopolymeric particles (TEP) along a 35?km gradient of the Ganga River. The objective was to evaluate if the trade-off between N:P stoichiometry and production of TEP helps in maintaining water quality of the river. Mesocosm experiments were conducted to examine N:P-TEP linkages and its role in turbidity removal. In situ measurements did not show Si to be a limiting nutrient (N:Si?Aulacosira granulata and Fragilaria intermedia. Settling efficiency, turbidity removal and sedimentation of TEP, biogenic silica (BSi) and biomass all increased with decreasing N:P ratio proportionately to the amount of TEP produced in the mesocosm. The study demonstrates that trade-off between N:P stoichiometry and the production of TEP generates feedback to buffer the ecological impacts of nutrient pollution.     

Removal Efficiency Simulation and Characterization Analysis of Particles Behavior in a Stormwater Wetland During Dry Days： A Case Study in Janghwa-do,Korea

Particles behaviour was monitored and analyzed in a stormwater wetland over a period of 4 months (June-September, 2009). The results indicated that the particles behaviour can be affected by many proce...     

Processes for sustainable development using high-intensity electric fields

Intense electric fields up to 10⁷ V/m generate very interesting and useful applications for the environment. Several processes using high electrical voltage for environment preservation were developed in the laboratory. The purpose of this study was to review these applications, highlighting their economic and environmental benefits: (1) electrostatic separators of particles used in industrial wastes recycling; (a) role-type electrostatic separator for granular mixtures of plastic–metal particles; (b) free-fall and rotating belt triboelectric separators for mixtures of plastic–plastic particles; (c) plate-type electrostatic separator for mixtures of metal–metal particles, (2) electrostatic precipitators for gas cleaning and (3) ozone generators for air and water treatment.     

缸内直喷汽油车颗粒物化学组分特征

随着缸内直喷汽油车（GDI）的大量使用,其尾气颗粒物排放问题日益凸显.研究缸内直喷汽油车尾气颗粒物构成组分是有效控制其颗粒物排放的重要前期工作之一.选取了5辆满足国六排放标准的缸内直喷汽油车进行了尾气颗粒物碳质成分、水溶性离子和多环芳烃（PAHs）组分分析.结果发现,各类碳质是测试车辆尾气颗粒物中的主要成分,平均占比约70%.颗粒物碳质中有机碳质（OC）多于核态碳质（EC）,OC/EC比值在1.03~3.43之间.测量了颗粒物中多种水溶性离子的含量,结果表明Ca²⁺和SO₄^2-是尾气颗粒物中的主要水溶性离子,主要来源均为机油添加剂.此外,结果还发现GDI车辆尾气颗粒物中高环PAHs排放占比较高,对人体健康危害大,需要重点关注.