球阀处硫颗粒运移沉降规律数值模拟研究

元素硫在集输管道中沉积会引起堵塞和腐蚀问题,球阀处是集输管道中较易出现大量硫沉积的部位之一。为此,采用数值模拟的方法研究高含硫天然气中析出的硫颗粒在球阀处的运移沉降规律,选用雷诺应力模型模拟球阀处的流场,选用Lagrange颗粒轨道模型追踪硫颗粒在球阀处的运动轨迹,探讨影响硫颗粒在球阀处沉积的因素。结果表明:气流进入球阀内将会出现压力损失和流动分离,气流进口速度和球阀开度会对流场产生影响;硫颗粒在球阀处的沉积率随气流流速和颗粒直径的增大而增大,随球阀开度的增大而减小;重力和离心力是造成硫颗粒在球阀处出现大量沉积的重要原因。     

Effect of the water-soluble fraction of diesel exhaust particles on the development and protein patterns of pollen grains in bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Excessive air pollution may adversely affect plant growth and development. The overall objective of this research was to elucidate some microscopic effects of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) on the formation, development, and structure of pollen grains and its proteins in Phaseolus vulgaris L. Bean plants were grown in experimental pots and treated with different concentrations of the water-soluble fraction of DEP. Flowers and young buds were removed, fixed in FAA₇₀ (formalin?:?acetic acid?:?ethanol, 2?:?1?:?17), and subjected to developmental studies. Our results show that DEP cause some abnormalities during pollen development. Pollen grains in normal plants are spherical in equatorial view and triangular in polar view; in DEP-treated plants, they were changed into irregular shapes in equatorial view and asteroidal in polar view. Delay in degeneration of the tapetum layer of the anther, and formation of giant, irregular, and non-fertile pollen grains are other results of DEP treatment. Gel electrophoretic studies revealed that a new protein with a molecular mass of 80?kD was formed in the DEP-treated group. Some pollen proteins may act as allergens, considering the fact that pollen allergy frequency is increased in polluted areas; the possibility arises that DEP could be an effective agent entail formation of detoxifying proteins which, on the other hand, can also act as allergens.     

广州大气总悬浮颗粒物中可提取有机物的分布及源析

采用N,O-双(三甲基硅烷基)三氟乙酰胺(BSTFA)衍生化预处理和GC/MS分析技术,于2002~2003年对广州市大气气溶胶中的有机化合物进行了定量检测.结果表明,在广州市TSP样品中有机物的种类共分为9大类:烷烃、多环芳烃、酯类、正烷醇、酚类、酸类、甾类、二萜类、糖类化合物.在总定性有机化合物中,酸类(24.65%~40.38%)化合物的百分含量最高,其次为糖类(15.57%~36.18%).全年样品中最丰富的脂肪酸为正十六酸、正十八酸,高碳数脂肪酸(>C20)含量最高的酸是正二十四酸.广州市二元羧酸的浓度以冬季最高,气象条件(风向、雨水和逆温)是影响二元羧酸浓度变化的主要因素.利用分子标志物可以讨论源解析和源贡献,化石燃料对有机质的贡献率最高(平均值为64.28%),其次为植物蜡脂质 (平均值为10.99%)和生物质燃烧(平均值为8.58%).     

大气细粒子阳离子表面有机活性物质分析方法的优化

分别从样品前处理和分析测定两方面对大气细粒子中阳离子表面有机活性物质的二硫蓝分光光度分析法进行优化,并采用优化方案对北京市大气细粒子进行了分析.结果表明:① 优化的最佳样品前处理条件中超声提取频率为40 Hz、初始水浴温度为30℃、超声提取时间为30 min;② 优化的最佳分析测定条件中二硫蓝使用量为1.29 mg（0.5 mL的2.58 g/L二硫蓝溶液）、最佳静置时间为30 min、醋酸盐缓冲液（pH为5）最佳使用量为3 mL.二硫蓝分光光度法优化方案标准曲线的R2为0.9986,线性较好.采用该优化方案测得的北京市大气细粒子中阳离子表面有机活性物质浓度的平均值为12.87 pmol/m3,其浓度水平数量级是阴离子表面有机活性物质的1/10,其浓度水平高于英国诺威奇与爱丁堡,但低于马来西亚吉隆坡.      

对喷流除尘技术在收集硫酸铵和硝酸铵粉尘中的应用研究

对喷流除尘技术利用粉尘颗粒在撞击区内来回振荡、相互碰撞并团聚的机理进行除尘.实验采用水平式对喷流除尘系统收集硫酸铵和硝酸铵的混合物粉尘,主要考察喷嘴气流速度、含尘浓度和喷雾化水润湿含尘气流对除尘效率的影响,并进行机理分析.实验表明,除尘效率随喷嘴风速的增大而升高,但喷嘴风速超过25～27 m/s后,反而下降;除尘效率随含尘浓度的增加而升高,但含尘浓度超过0 45～0.55 kg/m3后反而有所降低;喷雾化润湿含尘气流能显著提高除尘效率,最优耗水量为0.18～0.22 kg/kg粉尘,超过该值后无显著变化.实验确定的最优除尘条件为:喷嘴速度25～27 m/s、含尘浓度0.45～0.55 kg/m3、耗水量0.18～0 22 kg/kg粉尘,除尘效率最高可达96.8%.     

Uncovering results in electro-scrubbing process toward green methodology during environmental air pollutants removal

Present findings uncovered the electro-scrubbing process as a green methodology. This green methodology was assessed by an analysis of electrode dissolution into an electrolyte and acid fumes emission to the atmosphere. As an initial experiment oxidation effect of Co(II) by PbO₂ electrode revealed an enhanced oxidation efficiency of ∼20% compared to a Pt-coated Ti electrode. The mist concentration from the first scrubber test was approximately 30 times lower than that of the indoor air particles. In addition, molar mass of Co(II) and SEM analyses revealed no Co(II) or PbO₂ from the first scrubber. An analysis of the second scrubber showed no Co(II), PbO₂ or pH changes during a 24 h study confirming that no sulphuric acid escaped from the first scrubber or mediator containing electrolyte solution. This electro-scrubbing process was applied to the air pollutants removal process, in which a definite ratio between Co(III) and odor gases at given concentrations were identified. These results show that this electro-scrubber can maintain its initial concentration of Co(II) and H₂SO₄ by just adding water, and is become a highly sustainable and green methodology system without a loss of H₂SO₄ and Co catalysts to the environment.     

Use of coupling agents to stabilize asphalt–rubber–gravel composite to improve its mechanical properties

The mechanical performance of rubber-modified asphalt roads depends, besides the intrinsic properties of the constituents (asphalt, rubber and gravel), on their interfaces. To improve the adhesion between constituents, two different coupling agents were required: one to link asphalt with the rubber particles to stabilize the composite creating an elastic network in the interior of the material to improve its elastic recovery, and other to increase the adhesion between the hydrophobic asphalt and the hydrophilic gravel. A phenolic resin was used to link the rubber particles with the asphalt, while a switterionic molecule (phosphatidyl-choline) was used to change the OH groups on the gravel surface by hydrocarbon chains to make it compatible with the asphalt.     

Diurnal variation of number concentration and size distribution of ultrafine particles in the urban atmosphere of Beijing in winter

Number concentration and distribution of airborne particles in the size range 5.6 to 560 um diameter were measured in Beijing for a 15-d period in winter 2005.Daily average number concentrations of nucleation mode(5.6-20 nm),Aitken mode(20-100 nm), and accumulation mode(100-560 nm)particles,and total particles were 17500,32000,4000,and 53500 cm~(-3),respectively.Average particle size distribution was monomodal with a mode diameter of about 40 um at night and bimodal with mode diameters of about 10 and about 40 nm during the daytime.New particle formation events,which were connected to diurnal variation of nucleation mode particles,were observed in more than half of the observation days.The events often started around 10:00-11:00 Chinese Standard Time (CST)and ended up after 3-4 h.Concentrations of Aitken and accumulation mode particles increased from midnight and reached their maxima at about 10:00 CST,and then decreased and became the lowest in the afternoon.Analysis of diurnal cycles in traffic volume and meteorological parameters revealed that the accumulation of the particles in Aitken and accumulation modes in the morning was influenced by formation of an inversion and increase in vehicle emission,and dispersion of such particles in the afternoon was associated with more effective vertical mixing and higher wind speed.     

电气石球负载纳米二氧化钛光催化剂的制备及其对水中邻苯二甲酸酯的降解作用

以电气石微球为载体,采用溶胶–凝胶法制备电气石负载纳米二氧化钛(TiO_2)光催化材料。用X射线衍射分析、扫描电镜对微球负载TiO_2光催化剂的晶型结构和形貌进行了表征。以6种邻苯二甲酸酯为降解对象,考察了热处理温度、辐射强度对TiO_2光催化活性的影响。发现TiO_2以纳米颗粒的形式牢固负载在电气石微球表面;以天然电气石微球为载体所制得的TiO_2光催化剂对于6种邻苯二甲酸酯具有较好的光催化降解效果。     

Transfer and transport of aluminum in filtration unit

Aluminum salt coagulants were used prevalently in various water works.In this article,the effects of filtration on residual aluminum concentration and species distribution were researched by determining the concentration of diiferent aluminum species before and after single layer filter,double layer filter,and membrane filtration units.In the research,size exclusion chromatography(SEC)was used to separate colloidal and soluble aluminum,ion exchange chromatography(IEC)was used to separate organic and inorganic aluminum, and inductivity coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-AES)was used to determine the aluminum concentration.The results showed that the rapid filtration process had the ability of removing residual aluminum from coagulant effluent water,and that double layer filtration was more effective in residual aluminum removal than single layer filtration,while nano filtration was more effective than micro filtration.It was found that when the residual aluminum concentration was below 1mg/L in sediment effluent,the residual aluminum concentration in treated water was above 0.2 mg/L.The direct rapid filtration process mainly removed the suspended aluminum.The removal of soluble and colloidal aluminum was always less than 10% and the natural small particles that adsorbed the amount of soluble or small particles aluminum on their surface were difficult to be removed in this process.Micro filtration and nano filtration were good technologies for removing aluminum;the residual aluminum concentration in the effluent was less than 0.05 mg/L.