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991.
Kris E. Spence Jay-lin Jane Anthony L. Pometto Jr 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》1995,3(2):69-74
Dialdehyde starch (DAS) and zein, a hydrophobic corn protein, were investigated to produce biodegradable plastics with improved water resistance and mechanical properties. In the study, dialdehyde starch and zein ratio, plasticizers, and degree of starch oxidation were examined. Increased molding temperature and level of starch oxidation decreased water absorption of the plastic. Tensile strength and Young's modulus increased with starch oxidation. The biodegradation of starting materials and ground plastic specimens was studied in aerobic soil reactors maintained at 25°C for 180 days. Biodegradation of corn starch, zein, and dialdehyde starch for 180 days produced CO2 equivalent to 64, 63, and 10% of theoretical carbon, respectively. Specimens of molded DAS and zein (3 : 1) plastic showed accelerated CO2 evolution compared to DAS and other raw materials alone. By 180 days, specimens made with starch of low oxidation (1 and 5% oxidized) demonstrated a 60% biodegradation, and specimens with highly oxidized starch (90% oxidized) achieved 37% biodegradation.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Third National Meeting, June 6–8, 1994, Boston, Massachusetts.Journal Paper J-15927 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Project No. 3258. 相似文献
992.
Integration of Case Studies on Global Change by Means of Qualitative Differential Equations 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
We present a novel methodology to integrate qualitative knowledge from different case studies on Global Change related issues
into a single framework. The method is based on the concept of qualitative differential equations (QDEs) which represents
a mathematically well-defined approach to investigate classes of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) used in conventional
modeling exercises. These classes are defined by common qualitative features, e.g., monotonicity, signs, etc. Using the QSIM-algorithm
it is possible to derive the set of possible solutions of all ODEs in the class. By this one can formulate a common, qualitatively
specified cause–effect scheme valid for all case studies. The scheme is validated by testing it against the actually observed
histories in the study regions with respect to their reconstruction by the corresponding QDE. The method is outlined theoretically
and exemplary applied to the problem of land-use changes due to smallholder agriculture in developing countries. It is shown
that the seven case-studies used can be described by a single cause–effect scheme which thus constitutes a pattern of Global Change. As a generally valid prerequisite for sustainability of this kind of land-use the presence of wage labor is shown to represent
a decisive factor.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
993.
Investigation into local peoples’ perceptions can produce useful information that could be incorporated into the decision-making
process to help resolve environmental problems. Within the arena of land degradation, a number of studies have also been conducted
to explore local peoples’ views of the problem. However, the perceptions of land-degrading practices of the general public
have so far not been actively solicited. This study aimed to contribute to this area of research by adopting the psychometric
scaling technique to empirically explore the lay public’s ecological risk perceptions of land-degrading activities in Minqin
County in Gansu Province, northern China. The primary data were collected via a questionnaire survey (n = 1,138) administered between 14 and 31 December 2002. The major findings of the survey were: (1) Respondents perceived the
ecological risks posed by different land-degrading activities to be different. (2) There was a considerable incongruence in
the way in which mining of groundwater was conceived by experts and laymen, respectively. (3) Respondents were pretty unsure
of expert knowledge. (4) Respondents’ ecological risk perceptions were significantly affected by their personal attributes.
As far as the policy implications of these findings are concerned, this study accentuates that we must be aware of, and involved
in, the environmental perceptions of the lay public in order to succeed in guiding any human-environment tensions along more
sustainable trajectories and navigating the transition to sustainability. 相似文献
994.
承德市环境空气质量现状及对策 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
2003承德市空气主要污染物与2002的相比,只有SO2年均值有所增大.运用Spearman-rs秩相关系数法预测该市空气质量有好转趋势,并从城市的地理位置、卫生、交通等几方面分析其污染特征及原因,建议以行政力量为指导,提高公民环保意识,实施合理的环境规划,利用最佳实用的环保技术改善该市环境空气质量. 相似文献
995.
996.
997.
Removal of Cinnamic Acid Derivatives from Aqueous Effluents by Fenton and Fenton-like Processes as an Alternative to Direct Biological Treatment 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Dionissios Mantzavinos 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2003,3(3):211-221
The removal of various phenolic acids (p-coumaric, caffeic and ferulic acids), typically found in wastewaters of agricultural origin, from model effluents by chemical and biological means has been investigated. Chemical oxidation processes comprising hydrogen peroxide and a homogeneous or heterogeneous copper or iron catalyst were employed over a wide range of experimental conditions. Chemical oxidation is capable of removing most of the total organic carbon initially present in the effluent at relatively mild treatment conditions (i.e. reaction times up to 120 min and temperatures up to 80°C), while removal rates generally increase with increasing temperature, H2O2 and catalyst concentrations. The anaerobic degradability and toxicity of p-coumaric acid has been assessed using the biochemical methane potential and anaerobic toxicity assay respectively. p-Coumaric acid, at concentrations below about 1 g/L, is not toxic against methanogens and slowly degrades over a period of about 35 days at 35°C. In light of this, chemical oxidation may provide a promising alternative to direct biological treatment for either the partial or complete removal of phenolic acids at reasonable treatment times; the implications for wastewater treatment are discussed. 相似文献
998.
研究了紫外光活化亚硫酸盐高级氧化工艺降解水中典型新污染物——卡马西平(CBZ)的效能和降解机制.探究了不同溶解氧浓度[ρ(DO)]对紫外光活化亚硫酸盐降解CBZ的影响,并在模拟自然水体环境控制初始ρ(DO)为(8.0±0.2) mg·L-1条件下,考察了不同工艺参数(亚硫酸盐投加量、反应pH)与水环境要素(碳酸氢根离子、氯离子、腐殖酸)对CBZ降解效能的影响.结果表明,紫外光活化亚硫酸盐工艺可在30 min内降解85.3%的CBZ,降解过程遵循拟一级动力学,动力学常数为0.055 7 min-1.并采用电子顺磁共振波谱技术、活性物质淬灭实验和竞争反应动力学实验发现,CBZ的降解主要来自紫外光活化亚硫酸盐工艺中硫酸根自由基(SO4-·)与羟基自由基(·OH)等活性物质,且降解贡献率分别为43.9%和56.1%.而且CBZ降解率随HCO3-浓度升高而降低,但Cl-浓度变化对CBZ降解率影响不大,水中存在的腐殖酸可显著抑制CBZ的降解.反应过程中硫酸盐的积累量显著低于《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2022)限值,且亚硫酸盐消耗速率(0.004 4 min-1)显著低于CBZ的降解速率,说明亚硫酸盐可被紫外光高效活化用于降解水中存在的CBZ. 相似文献
999.
1000.