不同喷射方式对柴油/甲醇组合燃烧尾气中甲醛排放的影响

在一台经过改装的压燃式柴油机上进行了柴油/甲醇组合燃烧试验,对比了甲醇的不同喷射方式(顺序喷射与连续喷射)对组合燃烧尾气中甲醛排放的影响.试验结果表明,顺序喷射方式下尾气中的甲醛浓度要低于连续喷射尾气中的结果,在低负荷工况时,顺序喷射最大降低量达32%,在中高负荷工况下,两种喷射方式的甲醛排放相差不大.对比甲醇对柴油相同替代率时,两种喷射方式均表现在低负荷时的甲醛排放最多,而且甲醛排放差值也较大.此外,试验结果还表明,顺序喷射的燃料经济性要优于连续喷射.     

城区道路交通噪声污染危害及控制方法

道路交通噪声来源于地面、车轮与地面摩擦噪声、机动车辆发动机噪声、车体带动空气形成的气流噪声、喇叭噪声等,其流动性大,影响面广。随着社会经济的发展,交通运输工具成倍增长,道路交通噪声污染也随之增加。     

重型柴油车实际道路油耗与排放模拟及其应用研究

基于实际行驶状态下重型车动力需求和传动系统变化规律,建立了重型柴油车整车的瞬态油耗和排放模拟方法,可实现整车发动机工况及油耗与排放的实时模拟.为验证模型的有效性,利用重型车车载排放测试手段,以柴油公交车为研究案例,模拟并验证了车辆在实际运营线路上的油耗与排放水平.公交车综合线路实测百公里油耗为16.38L,NOx、CO和THC排放因子分别为4.44、3.35、1.96g·km-1,模拟结果与实测值基本吻合,其油耗与排放因子与实测值之比均在1.06倍左右.模拟结果显示,实测公交车怠速、NOx控制区及其它区域工况点分别占32.6%、7.1%和60.4%,增加10t负载或提高1.5倍车速可使发动机负荷利用率上升,控制区比例上升至18.4%和18.8%,同时增加负载和提高车速,控制区工况可提高至33.9%.相应地,增加负载或提高车速情景分别使车辆油耗与排放上升至1.5～1.7倍和1.6～1.8倍,同时增加负载和提高车速,油耗与排放可增至2.5倍～3.0倍,控制区油耗与排放比例均有大幅度上升.总体上,该模型方法可以为评价和研究重型柴油车在实际道路上的能耗及其排放状况提供新的模拟方法和分析手段.     

Instrumental and bio-monitoring of heavy metal and nanoparticle emissions from diesel engine exhaust in controlled environment

In the present article we characterized the emissions at the exhaust of a Common Rail (CR) diesel engine, representative of lightduty class, equipped with a catalyzed diesel particulate filter (CDPF) in controlled environment. The downstream exhausts were directly analyzed (for PM, CO, CO2, O2, HCs, NOx) by infrared and electrochemical sensors, and SEM-EDS microscope; heavy metals were chemically analyzed using mosses and lichens in bags, and glass-fibre filters all exposed at the engine exhausts. The highest particle emission value was in the 7–54 nm size range; the peak concentration rose until one order of magnitude for the highest load and speed. Particle composition was mainly carbonaceous, associated to noticeable amounts of Fe and silica fibres. Moreover, the content of Cu, Fe, Na, Ni and Zn in both moss and lichen, and of Al and Cr in moss, was significantly increased. Glass-fibre filters were significantly enriched in Al, B, Ba, Cu, Fe, Na, and Zn. The role of diesel engines as source of carbonaceous nanoparticles has been confirmed, while further investigations in controlled environment are needed to test the catalytic muffler as a possible source of silica fibres considered very hazardous for human health.     

柴油预喷参数对进气预喷甲醇柴油机燃烧和排放的影响

在一台满足国Ⅵ排放的柴油机基础上,采用进气预喷甲醇的方式替代原机的尿素辅助的选择性还原技术（SCR）,探究不同柴油预喷油量和预喷时刻对发动机燃烧、性能和排放的影响.结果表明：在最大扭矩转速1690 r·min^-1和280 N·m （1.25 MPa BMEP）工况下,当甲醇在整个燃料的能量占比（占总燃料能量的63%~65%）和柴油预喷时刻不变时,柴油预喷油量从1.5 mg·cyc^-1（占循环喷油量8%）增加到7.5 mg·cyc^-1（占循环喷油量48%）可以有效改善甲醇混合气的活性,此时达到50%燃料燃烧放热量（CA50）会提前,燃烧速率增大,气缸内燃烧爆压（P_max）和最高压力升高率（R_max）提高,同时有效热效率（Brake Thermal Efficiency,BTE）增加6%,PM、CO和THC比排放分别降低50%、61%和29%.但预喷油量超过6 mg·cyc^-1时,NO_x排放显著增加.相比之下,柴油预喷时刻的变化对发动机燃烧的影响较小.适当提前预喷可以在降低P_max和R_max的同时减少NO_x、CO和PM比排放.因此,采用优化的柴油预喷参数可以获得更高的有效热效率和极低的排放.     

海洋工况下航空发动机冷端叶片的冲蚀损伤与防护概述

围绕海洋环境下航空发动机的服役特点,针对发动机叶片在海洋/近岸地区不同气候条件下的工作状况,对发动机冷端叶片在腐蚀-冲蚀联合作用下的失效机制进行了梳理总结.对海洋环境下服役的发动机叶片防护涂层的相关研究进行了归纳,总结了不同叶片防护涂层的设计理念及其性能表现.对于航空发动机叶片的防护涂层,目前主要是以一元或多元金属氮化...     

发动机绿色化学设计──发动机虚拟化学反应器模型

在化学和化学工程意义上,发动机使用的生态环境有害性与发动机系统3个虚拟化学反应器（燃烧化学反应器、润滑化学反应器和排放化学反应器）中的反应物料（燃料、润滑油、添加剂和催化剂等）及其化学反应（自由基反应、摩擦化学反应和催化转化反应等）有关．发动机绿色化学设计旨在根据绿色化学原理和发动机化学反应器模型,探索降低或消除发动机化学反应器产生有害物质的化学技术．发动机绿色化学设计是发动机绿色设计的重要方面,其以绿色效应为目标,获得发动机材料、能源与环境之间的化学相容性．     

Honge oil methyl ester and producer gas-fuelled dual-fuel engine operated with varying compression ratios

Alternative and renewable fuels have numerous advantages compared with fossil fuels as they are renewable and biodegradable, besides providing food and energy security and foreign exchange savings and addressing environmental and socio-economic issues. Therefore, these renewable fuels can be used predominantly in compression ignition (CI) engines for transportation purposes and power generation applications. Today, the use of biomass-derived producer gas is more relevant for addressing rural power generation and is also a promising technique for controlling both NO_x and soot emission levels. Although a producer gas–biodiesel-operated dual-fuel diesel engine exhibits lower performance, they are independent from the use of fossil fuels. The lower performance of the engine could be due to the slow-burning and lower calorific value of producer gas. For this purpose, exhaustive experiments on the use of Honge oil methyl ester (HOME)–producer gas in a dual-fuel CI engine were carried out for the improvement of its fuel efficiency. This paper presents the effect of the compression ratio (CR) on the performance, combustion and exhaust emission characteristics of a single-cylinder, four-stroke, direct injection stationary diesel engine operated using HOME and producer gas in a dual-fuel mode. The results indicated that the HOME–producer gas combination exhibited lower brake thermal efficiency (BTE) with comparable emission levels with the diesel–producer gas combination at different CRs. Comparative measures of BTE, peak pressure, pressure–crank angle variation, heat release rate, smoke opacity, and hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO_x) emission levels are presented and analysed.     

Review of efficiencies of cogeneration units using internal combustion engines

The most frequently used technology in cogeneration units up to 10 MWe are internal combustion engines and the majority of the models are up to 500 kWe. There are dozens of reciprocating internal combustion engine–based cogeneration unit manufacturers and more than hundred suppliers in the market. In the article, data from supplier technical specifications of 583 units (34 manufacturers) is collected and analyzed. The authors proposed mathematical relations that show dependence of efficiencies on electric power that can be used for initial feasibility studies. Authors also have showed that value of 0.75 for power-to-heat ratio (proposed by EU Directive 2004/8/EC) does not always correspond to current market situation.     

Effective application of ethanol in diesel engines

This work aimed to prove the effects of adding different proportions of ethanol with diesel (DE) and ethanol–water mixture with diesel (DEW) in a single-cylinder diesel engine on the performance, emissions, and combustion parameters. The blends were stabilized by tetra methyl ammonium bromide (TMAB) as the additive. The study was conducted at two operating conditions initially on a normal diesel engine and in the second case the engine piston, valves, and cylinder head coated with zirconia (ZrO₂) alumina (Al₂O₃). The results showed that the addition of 10% ethanol with diesel performed almost equivalent to neat diesel with 29.2% BTE and a 17.7% decrease in smoke and an 11.4% increase in NOx emission at peak load compared to that of the base fuel. Modified engines with thermal barrier coating (TBC) performed superior to normal engines with 4% and 5.5% increase in BTE, respectively, for DE- and DEW-type fuels with reduced exhaust emissions. A 5% addition of water with diesel–ethanol blends favors a higher proportion of ethanol to be employed in diesel engines.