植物叶片在食叶昆虫胁迫下的正向效应及其机制

植物对外界因素刺激的反应逐渐被人们认识．在食叶昆虫胁迫下，某些植物的叶片对一定程度损害的反应在缓解危害、弥补所造成的损失方面表现出了多方面的正向效应．幼叶在高食叶昆虫胁迫下幼叶延缓变绿和减少光合作用．在损失部分叶片后，光合速率的变化与剩余叶量之间的关联作用在维系整体营养、生长方面具有明显的峰谷效应；被食植物代谢方式的调整与代谢产物的变化对抵御食叶昆虫进一步危害、抑制虫体发育和影响下一代叶食昆虫质量与数量有明显作用．植物部分组织的损失在客观上缓解了余下植物体的水分胁迫，特别是干旱时期的水分胁迫，使得余下的组织功能得到更有效的发挥．另外，叶片部分养分在植物生长重要时期的转移与昆虫取食高峰的时差可称作是一种物候防御．参32     

杜仲叶.粉对肉鸡生产性能及血液生化指标的影响

为探明杜仲叶粉对肉鸡生产性能及血液生化指标的影响，按0．5％、1％、1．5％、2％的比例在肉鸡的基础日粮中添加杜仲叶粉，以不添加杜仲叶粉作为对照，经60天饲养试验期后，对各组鸡的日增重、饲料报酬(增重与耗料之比)、胴体品质及血液生化指标进行检测，结果表明：杜仲叶粉能提高肉鸡饲料报酬，改善胴体品质，改善血液生化指标．     

铅迫胁下黄瓜幼苗期叶片内源激素的变化

土壤中的重金属污染会对植物造成伤害,在细胞内重金属离子会通过不同途径干扰和破坏细胞的正常代谢。植物激素能调节和控制植物的生长和发育。以黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)为材料,通过人工模拟重金属污染环境,对不同质量浓度铅胁迫下黄瓜幼苗的叶片,采用高效液相色谱法进行生长素(IAA)、细胞分裂素(Z)、赤霉素(GA3)、脱落酸(ABA)的分离、纯化和测定。探讨重金属污染对植物内源激素水平方面的变化的影响,进一步了解重金属污染对植物产生伤害的机制及抵御胁迫所发生的变化,从而采取有效措施解决重金属污染的问题。结果发现:所测的几种激素均表现出明显的变化规律:GA3、ABA升高,IAA、Z含量先上升后下降;同时经比较分析得出,随着铅质量浓度的增大,IAA/ABA、Z/ABA及GA3/ABA之比下降,Z/IAA升高。结果表明黄瓜幼苗期抵抗重金属污染的能力与内源激素水平及内源激素平衡有关。     

北京9个树种叶片滞尘量及叶面微形态解释

不同树种叶片对PM(颗粒物)的滞留能力存在较大差别,并与其表面特性密切相关. 在北京市选择空气相对清洁的植物园和污染严重的国贸桥2个地点,测定了9个常见绿化树种——白蜡、大叶黄杨、垂柳、国槐、毛白杨、玉兰、紫叶李、元宝枫和银杏的单位叶面积滞尘量及其粒径组成,并观测了各树种叶面微形态结构. 结果表明,国贸桥和北京植物园9个树种PM、PM>10、PM_2.5~10和PM_2.5平均滞留量之比分别为1.64、1.60、1.89和2.50,该比值随PM粒径减小呈增大的趋势. 环境污染会改变树木叶片表面结构与性质,从而改变其滞尘能力. 叶面沟槽深且间距大、润湿性好、气孔密度(>189 N/mm2)(以单位面积气孔数计)较大有利于滞尘;气孔密度(>217 N/mm2)更大的叶片有利于滞留PM_2.5~10. 此外,叶面绒毛数量直接影响PM_2.5滞留量,在不同污染程度下均表现为有绒毛树叶的PM_2.5滞留能力更强.      

Optimization of methyl orange removal from aqueous solution by response surface methodology using spent tea leaves as adsorbent

The effective disposal of redundant tea waste is crucial to environmental protection and comprehensive utilization of trash resources. In this work, the removal of methyl orange （MO） from aqueous solution using spent tea leaves as the sorbent was investigated in a batch experiment. First, the effects of various parameters such as temperature, adsorption time, dose of spent tea leaves, and initial concentration of MO were investigated. Then, the response surface methodology （RSM）, based on Box- Behnken design, was employed to obtain the optimum adsorption conditions. The optimal conditions could be obtained at an initial concentration of MO of 9.75 mg·L-1, temperature of 35.3℃, contact time of 63.8 min, and an adsorbent dosage 3.90 g· L-1. Under the optimized condi- tions, the maximal removal of MO was 58.2%. The results indicate that spent tea leaves could be used as an effective and economical adsorbent in the removal of MO from aqueous solution.     

14C-Ethion residues in soybean seeds: metabolic pathway,effect of processing,bioavailability, toxicity and protective action of artichoke leaf powder towards rats

The metabolic fate of ethion labeled with ¹⁴C-at the ethyl ester groups in soybean seeds following topical application to leaves was studied. Chromatographic analysis of soybean oil revealed the presence of the parent compound together with four metabolites which were identified as ethion monooxon, ethion dioxon, O-ethyl phosphorothioate and O,O-diethyl phosphorothioate. The effect of processing on ethion residues in soybean oil was investigated. The refined oil contained small amounts of the ¹⁴C-residues originally present (37.5%). Upon feeding rats with the cake containing ethion bound residues, a substantial amount of ¹⁴C-residues was eliminated in the urine (73%), and about 6% excreted with the feces. About 5% of the radioactive residues were distributed among various organs. Mature male Wistar rats were fed on soybean seeds containing ethion residues (1.93 ppm), and on artichoke leaves powder (1% W/W) for four weeks. At the end of the experimental period, the ethion-treated group had a significantly higher alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, urea, creatinine, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels. The ethion-treated rats also had a lower total serum protein and albumin levels, as well as acetyl cholinesterase (AChE), catalase (CAT), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity as compared with controls. Moreover, concomitant treatment with artichoke leaf powder improved, at least partially, all the biochemical parameters that were altered by ethion.     

Extraction,isolation, and identification of various environment friendly components from cock's comb (Celosia argentea) leaves for allelopathic potential

In this study, the aqueous extract of leaves of the plant cock's comb (Celosia argentea) was fractioned into five batches using n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol, respectively. High performance liquid chromatography analysis of the methanol re-dissolved residues of 3 polar fractions, including dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol separately which exhibited altogether 12 compounds identified as 4-hydroxycinnamic acid (p-coumaric acid), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, m-coumaric acid, gallic acid, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, m-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, pyrogallol, 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and genetic acid was categorized by retention time using known compounds. Similarly, the mass confirmation of most of the identified compounds was achieved by injecting 20 µl of composite sample of these three polar fractions into liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Similarly, the physiochemical analysis of C. argentea aqueous extract showed the presence of various constituents such as phenols, flavonoids, tannins, and glycosides. All four organic fractions were examined for phytotoxicity against Lepidium sativum. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among these fractions against germination and growth of L. sativum. Further allelopathic effects appeared to be concentration dependent. Thus, C. argentea may prove effective as a substitute of herbicides to control the weeds like L. sativum from attacking crops and to protect the environment from the health hazard effects of herbicides.     

Comparison of sensitivity analysis techniques: A case study with the rice model WARM

The considerable complexity often included in biophysical models leads to the need of specifying a large number of parameters and inputs, which are available with various levels of uncertainty. Also, models may behave counter-intuitively, particularly when there are nonlinearities in multiple input-output relationships. Quantitative knowledge of the sensitivity of models to changes in their parameters is hence a prerequisite for operational use of models. This can be achieved using sensitivity analysis (SA) via methods which differ for specific characteristics, including computational resources required to perform the analysis. Running SA on biophysical models across several contexts requires flexible and computationally efficient SA approaches, which must be able to account also for possible interactions among parameters. A number of SA experiments were performed on a crop model for the simulation of rice growth (Water Accounting Rice Model, WARM) in Northern Italy. SAs were carried out using the Morris method, three regression-based methods (Latin hypercube sampling, random and Quasi-Random, LpTau), and two methods based on variance decomposition: Extended Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test (E-FAST) and Sobol’, with the latter adopted as benchmark. Aboveground biomass at physiological maturity was selected as reference output to facilitate the comparison of alternative SA methods. Rankings of crop parameters (from the most to the least relevant) were generated according to sensitivity experiments using different SA methods and alternate parameterizations for each method, and calculating the top-down coefficient of concordance (TDCC) as measure of agreement between rankings. With few exceptions, significant TDCC values were obtained both for different parameterizations within each method and for the comparison of each method to the Sobol’ one. The substantial stability observed in the rankings seem to indicate that, for a crop model of average complexity such as WARM, resource intensive SA methods could not be needed to identify most relevant parameters. In fact, the simplest among the SA methods used (i.e., Morris method) produced results comparable to those obtained by methods more computationally expensive.     

银杏叶中有效成分的提取

通过使用不同溶剂比较了两种装置提取银杏叶中有效成分的优缺点。结果表明，简易装置所用时间较短、收率较高且操作简单方便；利用95％乙醇作为提取剂在使用简易装置时，银杏叶粗提物得率最高。     

西藏色季拉山公路沿线PAHs分布、来源及风险

分别于2017年3月和12月沿色季拉山318国道采集表层土和冷杉（Abies Mill.）样品,测定了多环芳烃（PAHs）的含量.表层土和冷杉叶中∑₁₆PAHs的含量范围分别为30.21~366.94ng/g dw和39.53~236.42ng/g dw,组成以低环（2、3环）为主.通过特征单体比值法和主成分分析法分析表明,色季拉山PAHs主要来源于化石燃料和生物质的燃烧,同时也受到车辆石油泄漏和大气远距离传输的影响;通过反向气团轨迹判断,色季拉山PAHs大气传输污染主要来自于印度次大陆.色季拉山公路沿线土壤中PAHs的终生致癌风险值均低于1×10^-6,说明对当地居民的致癌风险较小.