森林生态补偿机制若干重点问题研究

我国森林资源有限．并且大多分布在经济欠发达地区。然而森林生态效益的受益者主要是江河中下游地区,一般属于经济较发达地区。因而如何给森林生态效益提供者实施补偿．实现生态公平。建立森林生态补偿机制显得十分必要,这也是当前国内外研究的热点问题之一。结合我国的实际情况．在研究提出我国生态补偿政策总体框架和分析评价国内外森杯生态补偿研究与实践进展的基础上．对森林生态补偿机制的若干重点问题进行操讨：界定了森林生态补偿的内涵与范畴;对补偿森林类型进行分类．主要分为防护林、特种用途林两类;对森林生态补偿标准进行估算．考虑营造林的直接投入、保护森林生态功能而放弃经济发展的机会成本和森林生态系统服务功能的效益三个方面的因素;培育森林生态补偿市场化途径,加强对私人企业的激励机制．建立基金寻求国外非政府组织捐赠机构支持等办法;开征森林生态税,对征收对象、征收范围、征收依据和税率等进行研究;最后提出森林生态补偿的“三步走”战略。包括补偿基金完善阶段。补偿基金与生态税双轨并行阶段。生态税独立运行阶段。     

200MW燃煤机组SCR脱硝改造关键技术问题解析

目前,国内200 MW机组SCR脱硝改造尚无样板工程及改造先例。200 MW机组由于其独特地设计,同300 MW以上等级机组相比,脱硝改造的技术方式与改造内容均有较大的差异。文章从国内200 MW机组脱硝改造实际情况出发,从设计参数选取、还原剂选择、SCR反应器布置方式、低氮燃烧器改造、空预器改造及引风机改造、厂用变压器系统改造等关键问题进行了技术分析并提出可行建议,为同等级机组脱硝改造工作提供方法与经验。     

特种设备风险管理体系构建及关键问题探究

为加强特种设备风险管理,在遵循科学性、可操作性、全面性和可发展性4个原则的基础上,应用安全系统工程、风险工程学的基本原理,提出并构建包含风险监管体系、监测预警体系、应急管理体系和事后处置体系在内的特种设备风险管理体系。从组织机构、运行机制、法律规章、关键技术4个方面对特种设备风险管理所面临的关键问题进行探究。结果表明:所构建的特种设备风险管理体系,符合事物发生的内部规律和风险管理的基本要求,具有层次分明、目的明确等特点,为特种设备风险管理的开展提供有益的参考。     

环境问题的由来、过程机制、我国现状和环境科学发展趋势

从地球演化的观点,探讨了环境问题是地表环境进入人文时期发生的一种新行星现象,其形成过程归纳为源、流、场、效应的链式机制,考虑到对环境问题的防治,构成了源、流、场、效应和调控的链式关系,并结合中国的环境状况,讨论了我国近期环境科学发展的动向     

检察院参与生态环境损害赔偿磋商的空间与角色选择

生态环境损害赔偿磋商从试点到全国推行,其地位愈加重要。当前,对于生态环境损害赔偿磋商的性质有颇多争议,其性质决定了是否需要第三力以及需要何种第三力,而在公法说、私法说、双阶构造说、三阶进阶说之上构建的生态环境损害赔偿磋商虽不相同,但建立磋商监督制度与磋商共同参与制度是其共同指向的完善路径,即检察院可作为第三力监督、参与磋商全过程。横向比较各省份对于检察院参与生态环境损害赔偿磋商的立法规定,总体看来检察院在此制度中地位不明、存在边缘化倾向,而实践中检察院具有协调跨区域磋商与促进赔偿义务之履行的作用,且生态环境损害赔偿磋商法律体系为检察院的监督与参与预留了空间,检察院可以法律监督者、公益代表者、社会治理者的身份参与,三种角色在不同阶段相互补充。     

Air Issues amd Ecosystem Protection, a Canadian National Parks Perspective

Several case histories illustrate national park air issues and responses in Canada. These examples include: acidification studies and establishment of a multiparticipant monitoring programme at Kejimkujik; studies of smoke at campgrounds in Jasper, La Mauricie and Forillon, its effect on health, and the management of visitors and firewood supply to mitigate these risks; and estimates of emissions from through-traffic in Yoho. From these cases and from reviews of the secondary literature, we can identify air issues that affect the maintenance of ecological integrity in national parks. These issues are: forest fires and smoke management; defining goals for ecosystem restoration; representation of natural regional conditions; visitor health and amenity; acidification; pesticides; eutrophication from airborne nitrates; permafrost melting; and UV-B. In June 1995, an International Air Issues Workshop brought together representatives from Canadian and U.S. national parks and other selected agencies. They ranked the air issues affecting national parks, producing quite an eclectic list. From the most to least serious issue, they are: acidification, toxics, visibility impairment, UV-B, smoke management, oil and gas development, fugitive dust, global warming, overflights, light pollution, noise and odour. Note that atmospheric change is only one among a group of stresses affecting national parks. Of 28 stresses recognized as significant for national parks in 1992, acid precipitation ranked 8th and climate change 23rd. Petrochemicals, 17th, pesticides, 18th and heavy metals, 21st, may be partly airborne. The 1995 workshop made several recommendations applicable to Parks Canada, from which those related to research and monitoring needs have been extracted. The air monitoring needed most by national parks is of suspended particulate and visibility. This is in response to human health and amenity concerns and international treaty obligations. The long-term protection of natural sites in national parks provides opportunities for other agencies to monitor ambient air quality and ecosystem responses, for example through the installation of under-canopy monitoring towers. The air research most needed in national parks is the modelling of natural landscapes and vegetation complexes in response to climate change. This follows from the primary purpose of each national park, to maintain the ecological integrity of an area selected to represent a natural region. The principal air research opportunities for other agencies in national parks are probably intensive instrumentation and sampling over several years to examine the air-vegetation-soil transfers of nutrients, pollutants and radiation.     

农村生态环境污染治理的法律思考

农村生态环境保护是乡村振兴战略的重要一步,但当前农村生态环境污染现状严重,亟待解决.运用案例分析和文献研究法对农村生产、生活现状进行分析.发现我国农村生态环境法制方面存在基本法律缺乏、执法不规范、农民环保意识淡薄的问题.而完善农村环境保护立法、强化农村环境保护执法、提高农民环境保护意识这三条路径能够有效解决农村环境法制...     

建筑施工现场存在的安全和环保问题及其对策

随着我国社会经济发展进程的不断推进,建筑行业发展趋势也有了空前的提高。基于这样的发展态势,建筑行业市场中竞争越来越激烈。建筑工程在施工现场的安全和环境保护问题与企业的经济效益、人们的健康、生命安全有着很大的关系。建筑工程施工现场安全和环境管理措施的有效程度,决定着企业的管理水平,也能在很大程度上影响企业的发展。     

From Obstructionism to Communication: Local,National and Transnational Dimensions of Contestations on the Swedish Wolf Cull Controversy

Two obstructionist ways of doing politics on contentious wildlife management issues currently reflect a legitimacy deficit in official channels for public engagement. The first is that of a pernicious “direct-action” politics, in the form of resort by hunters in rural Sweden to illegal killings of protected wolves over whose policy they contest. The second obstruction is when environmental non-governmental organizations routinely file appeals in higher-level courtrooms contesting democratically mandated wolf cull decisions. Although markedly different when it comes to their categorically deliberative values as well as fidelity to the law, we argue both extra-legal and the litigative phenomena reflect disenfranchisement with the participation channels in which such controversies may be resolved through a public dialogue. We also argue that both possess negative systemic deliberative value inasmuch as they frustrate goals of reaching deliberative consensus, by contributing to a stalled public communication on wolf management. We address this deficit by appeal to recent developments in the theory and practice of mini-publics that promote both the categorical and systemic deliberative value of channeling contestation. In particular, we appeal to a novel conception of hunter-initiated, but citizen controlled, mini-publics as a vehicle for re-starting stalled public communication on wolf conservation.     

Multi-objective design optimization of sustainable commercial a-ircraft: performance and costs

The present work deals with a multi-objective optimisation approach to incorporate up-to-date financial models in the multidisciplinary conceptual design of a commercial aircraft. Design optimisations based on financial objective functions are compared to standard performance-based optimal solutions. The main novelty is in the extension of the financial models to the long-term investments of a wider group of stakeholders. The rationale underlying this research stems from two considerations: (i) the environmentally sustainable development of the air transportation system in the next 20 years is subordinate to breakthrough technologies, since the consolidated ones have reached their saturation point; (ii) the economic impacts of highly innovative concepts on the stakeholders chain is still uncertain. The problem is addressed at the conceptual design level and the analysis is performed within a comprehensive multidisciplinary framework, adopting all the technical constraints required in aeronautical design. The Pareto fronts obtained using performance and financial merit factors, reveal that the proposed financial model yields highly efficient, technically sound concepts. The design space point corresponding to the negative cash flows minimum turned out to be very close to the one corresponding to minimum acoustic emissions, confirming that the financial model drives the optimiser towards environment-friendly designs.