毒死蜱生态毒理与风险研究综述

毒死蜱被认为是一种高效、安全和广谱的含氮杂环类杀虫杀螨剂,被广泛应用于农业生产病虫害的防治中。在中国,毒死蜱曾被列为取代高毒农药的重要品种,并被农业部推荐用于无公害农产品生产的专用杀虫杀螨剂。近年来,由于不断发现的毒死蜱生物毒性及其产生的环境安全问题,美国和欧盟国家已经在某些范围内禁用毒死蜱。综合近几年文献,从环境介质含量、转化行为、生物活性检测以及国外水质基准等方面,对其分别叙述,旨在为今后中国地区毒死蜱的环境健康风险评价、生态风险评价和水质基准制定提供基本参考依据。     

汽车整车自然暴露试验评价方法前期研究

主要介绍汽车整车自然暴露试验评价方法,基于整车厂长期进行汽车整车自然暴露试验,对整车进行表观检测、性能检查及其他项目检测,通过分析试验结果,归纳汽车内外饰件常见缺陷,按照失效程度和不同部件类型,为整车耐候性进行等级划分,建立整车系统化评价方法。     

Estimating pesticide runoff in small streams

Surface runoff is one of the most important pathways for pesticides to enter surface waters. Mathematical models are employed to characterize its spatio-temporal variability within landscapes, but they must be simple owing to the limited availability and low resolution of data at this scale. This study aimed to validate a simplified spatially-explicit model that is developed for the regional scale to calculate the runoff potential (RP). The RP is a generic indicator of the magnitude of pesticide inputs into streams via runoff. The underlying runoff model considers key environmental factors affecting runoff (precipitation, topography, land use, and soil characteristics), but predicts losses of a generic substance instead of any one pesticide. We predicted and evaluated RP for 20 small streams. RP input data were extracted from governmental databases. Pesticide measurements from a triennial study were used for validation. Measured pesticide concentrations were standardized by the applied mass per catchment and the water solubility of the relevant compounds. The maximum standardized concentration per site and year (runoff loss, R_Loss) provided a generalized measure of observed pesticide inputs into the streams. Average RP explained 75% (p < 0.001) of the variance in R_Loss. Our results imply that the generic indicator can give an adequate estimate of runoff inputs into small streams, wherever data of similar resolution are available. Therefore, we suggest RP for a first quick and cost-effective location of potential runoff hot spots at the landscape level.     

高分子量高纯度阳离子聚丙烯酰胺的合成

以丙烯酰胺与丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵为单体,在复合引发剂的作用下,选择水溶液共聚法合成高分子量与高纯度阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)。实验表明,有机偶氮引发剂A用量0.5‰、氧化还原引发剂用量0.45‰、还原剂与氧化剂摩尔比2∶1、反应体系pH为4与反应时间5 h条件下,CPAM分子量为1 042万,且溶解性好。通过对聚合物残单含量影响因素添加剂用量、反应时间的研究,结果表明,添加剂EDTA和增溶剂D对残留AM含量影响小,而苯甲酸钠对聚合物残留AM的含量影响显著;延长反应时间至7 h,残单含量可降低至0.27%,CPAM的纯度高。通过与国内外3种同类型产品进行对比,结果表明,自制产品的分子量明显高于其他产品,且残单含量比国内产品降低了50%～75%。     

Baseline soil levels of PCDD/Fs established prior to the construction of municipal solid waste incinerators in China

In order to determine the baseline contamination by polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in different areas in China, prior to the construction of municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs), a total of 32 representative soil samples was collected near 16 incinerators and analyzed for their PCDD/F concentrations. The PCDD/F baseline concentrations in the soil samples ranged from 0.32 to 11.4 ng I-TEQ kg⁻¹ (dry matter), with average and median value of 2.73 and 2.24 ng I-TEQ kg⁻¹ (dry matter), respectively, and a span between maximum and minimum recorded value of 36. The PCDD homologues predominated in 26 out of 32 soil samples, with the ratio (PCDDs)/(PCDFs) ranging from 1.1 to 164; however in the other 6 samples, PCDF homologues were larger, with the same ratio varying from 0.04 to 0.8. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used to examine PCDD/F amount and profile in these soil samples, and their possible associations with known emission sources: in this process 6 really distinct isomer fingerprints were identified. Background PCDD/F levels and profiles were comparable to those found in soils from China and other countries and indicate a rather low baseline PCDD/F contamination of soils. The present data provide the tools for future assessment of a possible impact of these MSWIs.     

Effect of humic acids on physicochemical property and Cd(II) sorption of multiwalled carbon nanotubes

Zinc pyrithione is used as an antifouling agent. However, the environmental impacts of zinc pyrithione have recently been of concern. Zinc induces diverse actions during oxidative stress; therefore, we examined the effect of zinc pyrithione on rat thymocytes suffering from oxidative stress using appropriate fluorescent probes. The cytotoxicity of zinc pyrithione was not observed when the cells were incubated with 3 μM zinc pyrithione for 3 h. However, zinc pyrithione at nanomolar concentrations (10 nM or more) significantly increased the lethality of cells suffering from oxidative stress induced by 3 mM H₂O₂. The application of zinc pyrithione alone at nanomolar concentrations increased intracellular Zn²⁺ level and the cellular content of superoxide anions, and decreased the cellular content of nonprotein thiols. The simultaneous application of nanomolar zinc pyrithione and micromolar H₂O₂ synergistically increased the intracellular Zn²⁺ level. Therefore, zinc pyrithione at nanomolar concentrations may exert severe cytotoxic action on cells simultaneously exposed to chemicals that induce oxidative stress. If so, zinc pyrithione leaked from antifouling materials into surrounding environments would be a risk factor for aquatic ecosystems. Alternatively, zinc pyrithione under conditions of oxidative stress may become more potent antifouling ingredient.     

家庭作坊式“企业”安全水平的模糊综合评价研究

通过对家庭作坊式＂企业＂的现状调查以及当前的经济形势分析,可知当前家庭作坊式＂企业＂的安全问题十分突出,为了控制住家庭作坊式＂企业＂的火灾发生,对其进行适当的安全水平评价显得很有必要。本文针对家庭作坊式＂企业＂的安全问题,根据资料确定影响家庭作坊的安全指标,采用层次分析法对各安全指标进行分层次处理并建立了评价层次结构模型,由各安全指标相对重要度的比较确定了各级指标权重;再通过模糊评价将各指标权重与安全评价关联,并划分不同的安全等级,提出了安全水平的模糊综合评价模型;最后采用模糊中值法把安全评价结果数量化并得出所处的安全等级。本文还通过对某家庭作坊式＂企业＂的安全水平评价实例,证明了该方法具有一定的可行性。     

三峡库区社区水平乡村路网对森林景观变化的影响

人为扰动是短时空尺度内森林景观变化或用途转换的主要动力,而乡村路网则成为人为扰动拓展的主要通道。基于1992、2002、2014年三峡库区重庆市石柱县西沱镇3期遥感影像和实地调研数据,在ArcGIS平台支持下,研究社区水平乡村路网对森林景观变化的影响。结果表明：1）1992—2014年研究区乡村路网影响域内次生林、退化林地和耕地的动态变化较显著,集中分布在中西部平坦区。1992—2002年乡村路网缓冲区内森林景观整体呈退化趋势,退化类型以次生林→退化林地、次生林→耕地、退化林地→耕地为主,演化量达1 705.91 hm²;2002—2014年乡村路网缓冲区内森林景观主要呈恢复趋势,恢复类型以耕地→退化林地、耕地→次生林、退化林地→次生林和原始林→退化原始林为主,演化量达1 674.52 hm²。2）相比发现,前一时期研究区乡村路网长度的增加和路网材质的提升很大程度上驱动森林景观的退化,而后一时期低等级路段的消失、废弃或利用率的降低则有助于森林景观的恢复,消失路段恢复率近100%。3）研究有助于丰富人们对社区水平乡村路网影响森林景观变化的理解与认识,为生态文明建设中合理规划乡村路网提供科学依据。     

四环素抗生素对污泥中四环素抗性基因丰度和表达水平的作用影响

为研究四环素(TC)抗生素对其抗性基因(TC-ARGs)转录表达的作用影响,以从活性污泥中筛选获得的四环素抗性细菌(TRB)作为研究对象,采用荧光定量PCR和逆转录PCR方法检测了7种TC-ARGs,包括tet A、tet C、tet G、tet M、tet O、tet W和tet X基因的丰度和表达水平,并探讨了TC与TC-ARGs丰度及其表达水平之间的相关关系.结果表明,在整个培养周期内,tet A、tet G和tet W基因丰度随TC暴露浓度的增大总体呈现上升趋势,但其余TC-ARGs基因丰度整体波动较大. TC胁迫对不同TC-ARGs的转录表达水平作用影响差别较大,其中,tet A基因表达水平相对稳定,且随TC浓度的升高而上调,在TC浓度为100 mg·L^-1时,其上调倍数高达5. 3倍.在短期(1 d) TC胁迫下,TC-ARGs转录表达水平随TC浓度的升高整体呈现上调趋势.由相关性分析可知,tet A和tet W基因丰度与其转录表达水平之间存在显著的线性相关性,表明其基因丰度可在一定程度上衡量和评价其抗性表达水平,进而反映其功能活性和环境风险.     

中加高等环境教育比较研究

通过对加拿大大学有关环境专业的教育层次、专业配置和课程设置的分析，并与我国的高等环境教育现状相比，得出了以下结论：环境科学类专业在加拿大高校中设置频度比我国高；从分布特征和培养层次上看，加拿大高校中环境类专业与我国类似，偏工程和综合性，且都以本科—硕士—博士三个层次为主体；从培养方式上看，加拿大高等环境教育与我国在这方面的差异较大，许多经验值得我们借鉴．