煤炭生产的水足迹评价研究

水足迹是水资源占用的综合评价指标,能够量化人类活动对水资源和水环境的影响,为水资源的高效利用与可持续管理提供科学参考.本文在WFN水足迹评价方法和国际标准水足迹评价方法的基础上,提出了基于生命周期的包含蓝水足迹、灰水足迹和间接水足迹的能源系统水足迹评价模型.将此模型应用到煤炭生产,计算了我国单位煤炭生产的水足迹.研究结果表明,我国1 GJ煤炭生产的水足迹为0.19 m~3,水足迹的80%来源于采掘过程,从水足迹类型来看,灰水足迹占到了87%的比例.本研究为能源系统水足迹评价提供了方法理论,并可为以煤炭为原料或燃料的下游产品水足迹评价提供数据支撑.     

From socioeconomic disparity to environmental injustice: the relationship between housing unit density and community green space in a medium city in Pakistan

Rapid urbanisation, lack of proactive planning and improper allocation of resources may result in socio-economic disparity among and within cities, causing social unrest and environmental injustice in the neighbourhoods. This study aims to examine whether the planning standards for housing schemes in Pakistan are able to maintain equitable access to green spaces within the cities. Ten residential sites in Sheikhupura city with different housing unit sizes and densities were selected for the study. The supply of urban green infrastructure in housing scheme has been assessed: (i) by comparing the percentage of green spaces, including community parks and open spaces and street landscape; and (ii) by calculating per dwelling unit and per capita share of green spaces. These indicators have been studied against the housing density and population density of the schemes by applying correlation and linear regression models. The results show that all the housing schemes plans provide for similar amounts of green space as a percentage of total area. The per capita share of green spaces is very low in high-density areas, but interestingly, the street landscape has a higher potential to contribute to the overall landscape in high-density neighbourhoods, compensating for low per capita green space. Housing unit density and population density must be incorporated in planning standards so planners can effectively devise a mix of community parks, street landscape and private green spaces to help maintain per capita green spaces, and hence environmental resource equality in different parts of the city.     

LPCVD法制备TiO_2纳米薄膜的生命周期评价

针对纳米材料生产的高能耗、低生产率的特点,用生命周期评价(LCA)方法对纳米TiO_2薄膜生产过程进行了环境影响评价,并通过设置不同的低压化学气相沉积过程(LPCVD)工艺参数,研究了工艺参数中温度和压强对于TiO_2薄膜评价结果的影响。研究显示,纳米TiO_2薄膜生产阶段的环境表现受LPCVD过程工艺参数影响,评价结果可用于指导LPCVD工艺优化。     

Assessment of the effect of welding fumes on welders’ cognitive failure and health-related quality of life

Introduction. This study examined whether cognitive symptoms and health-related quality of life can be affected by welding fume exposure. Method. Participants consisted of welders (n?=?40) and welder assistants (n?=?25) from welding units as the exposed group, and office workers (n?=?44) as the non-exposed group. All participants were studied using ambient air monitoring and two types of questionnaires: the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) and the 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Results. Welders and welder assistants were exposed to higher concentrations of all airborne metals than office employees, except for aluminum and chromium (p?p?M (SD)?=?54.84 (17.88)). The relationships between total CFQ score and the measured concentration of nickel at peak work rate was significant for welders. Conclusion. Cognitive symptoms and health-related quality of life were not related to the measures of welding fume exposure and further research should be performed to find other influencing factors.     

海南省农村生活用水与污水排放调查分析研究

随着经济发展,农村生活污水治理问题己经成为海南省环境保护突出的问题,为了充分掌握海南省农村生活污水特征,对海南省北部、东部、南部、西部和中部的村庄生活污水产生、排放、污染特征及污水收集现状进行调查,以期为海南省农村生活污水治理提供准确的基础数据。     

认识电磁辐射 畅享绿色生活

电磁辐射是能量以电磁波的形式在空间传播方式,人类赖以生存的地球本身就是一个巨大的电磁场环境,由于人工电磁辐射源的应用,使得电磁场环境趋于复杂化,但只有超过国家规定的电磁环境质量标准时,才称为电磁环境污染.近来,电磁环境信访投诉事件剧增,人们需正确认识电磁辐射,才能安心工作和生活,电磁类建设项目才能更好地服务人们,才能更高效地促进社会发展.     

船用板式换热器可靠寿命预计方法研究

目的对于新型船用板式换热器进行可靠寿命预计,考虑到相似产品使用期间会获得定量的信息,提出一种利用相似产品信息进行产品可靠性预计的方法。方法相似产品的相似度由专家根据经验分析给出,其后根据继承因子直接对相似产品的可靠度进行折合。对板式换热器与相似产品的性能数据进行对比分析,利用模糊数学中贴近度的概念,计算得到两产品之间的折算系数。结果结合相似产品的实际使用数据,通过对流速、换热系数和其他相似因素的比较,得到产品对于相似产品的折算系数为0.286,从而进一步确定该板式换热器折算后的试验时间,利用无故障定时截尾寿命评估方法对该产品的可靠性进行粗略估计。结论该方法对利用相似产品进行寿命评估提供了一种新思路,从产品的性能特征出发,在一定程度上优化了专家评估相似度的主观因素。     

某型末制导炮弹控制舱贮存加速寿命试验应力研究

目的研究某型末制导炮弹控制舱贮存加速寿命试验应力类型。方法在明确某型末制导炮弹控制舱结构特征的基础上,逐一对各部组件进行失效模式及失效机理分析,归纳出影响控制舱失效的主要应力类型。结果影响末制导炮弹控制舱贮存可靠度的主要环境应力是温度和湿度。结论选取温度做单应力加速寿命试验。     

The Role of the Concept of the Natural (Naturalness) in Organic Farming

Producers, traders, and consumers oforganic food regularly use the concept of thenatural (naturalness) to characterize organicagriculture and or organic food, in contrast tothe unnaturalness of conventional agriculture.Critics sometimes argue that such use lacks anyrational (scientific) basis and only refers tosentiment. In our project, we made an attemptto clarify the content and the use of theconcepts of nature and naturalness in organicagriculture, to relate this conception todiscussions within bioethical literature, andto draw the implications for agriculturalpractice and policy.Qualitative interviews were executed with arange of people in the field of organicagriculture and with consumers of organicproducts, on the basis of a list of statementsabout the meaning of the concept of naturalnessformulated by the authors. Based on the resultsof the interviews, we distinguished 3 aspectsof the concept of naturalness: natural as theorganic (life processes), natural as theecological, and natural as referring to thecharacteristic nature of an entity. We relatedthese conceptual aspects to three mainapproaches within the field of organicagriculture: the no chemicals approach, theagro-ecological approach, and the integrityapproach. It became clear that these approachescan also be recognized in the change ofattitude of farmers as they convert fromconventional to organic agriculture, and in theattitudes of consumers of organic foodproducts.We conclude that the idea of ``naturalness' canbe used to characterize organic agriculture andto distinguish it from conventionalagriculture, but only if naturalness not onlyrefers to not using chemicals but also toecological principles and respect for theintegrity of life. Thus perceived, theprinciple of naturalness can also serve as aguide to future developments in the field oforganic agriculture. As part of the holocentricethics of organic farming the value ofnaturalness has three dimensions: a cognitiveone, an emotive one, and a normative one.     

可燃物表面积和厚度对建筑物内火灾载荷的影响

火灾载荷是判断建筑物室内火灾危险程度的依据，以前人们对火灾载荷的研究局限于只考虑可燃物的种类和量，并没有考虑到可燃物的形状、厚度和摆放位置对火灾载荷的影响。该文建立了简单的模型讨论了可燃物的表面积和厚度对火灾载荷的影响，并应用这种模型对三个典型的建筑房间进行了火灾载荷的研究，取得了较好的结果。