阿伦尼乌斯公式在弹箭贮存寿命评估中的应用

以某型号导弹舵机橡胶密封材料为例,阐述了弹箭贮存寿命定量评估的方法,分析了科学确定失效判据的重要性,介绍了自然环境试验和实验室加速老化试验在弹箭贮存寿命定量评估中的应用.重点论述了阿伦尼乌斯公式应用于弹箭贮存寿命定量评估的本质,详细说明了阿伦尼乌斯公式适用的反应及温度,强调了应用阿伦尼乌斯公式定量评估弹箭贮存寿命必须进...     

An investigation of roof runoff during rain events at the Royal Military College of Canada and potential discharge to Lake Ontario

The Royal Military College of Canada, located on the north eastern shore of Lake Ontario, possesses an abundance of copper roofs and lacks surface water treatment prior to discharge into Lake Ontario. Rainwater, roof runoff and soil samples were collected and analyzed for copper and other parameters. Copper was consistently detected in runoff samples with average concentrations of 3200 2100 g/L. Multivariable linear regression analysis for a dependant copper runoff concentration yielded an adjusted R2 value of 0.611, based on an independent variable model using minimum temperature, maximum temperature, total precipitation, and wind speed. Lake water samples taken in the vicinity of storm water outfalls draining areas with copper roofs ranged from 2.0 to 40 g/L copper. Such data exceed the 2.0 g/L Canadian Water Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life as outlined by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME). Analysis of raw, filtered and digested forms suggested that the majority of copper present in runoff and lake water samples was in a dissolved form. The majority of soils taken in this study displayed copper concentrations below the 63 g/g CCME residential/parkland land use limits. These findings suggested that ion exchange processes between runoff water and soil do not occur to a sufficient extent to elevate copper levels in soil. It may therefore be concluded that the eventual fate of copper, which is not discharged via storm water outfalls, is lost to the water table and Lake Ontario through the sub-soil.     

Estrogenic effects of water from the Yangtze River （Nanjing section） on goldfish （Carassius auratus） after an early life stage exposure

Effects of river water from the Yangtze River (Nanjing section) on fish development, vitellogenin (VTG) induction, gonado-somatic index (GSI) and sex ratio were investigated by exposing goldfish (Carassius auratus) in the early life stage (from fertilization to 28 days post-hatch) to water samples (25%, 50% and 100%) collected from three representative sections. The results showed that there was no significant effect on hatching success for any of the exposure groups, but survival was significantly reduced when compared with the control (P < 0.05). Body lengths, weights of all treated fish did not differ significantly from those of the control. Condition factors (CF) of larval fish exposed to 50% and 100% river water from the Jiangxinzhou section and 100% river water from the Daqiao section were significantly lower than that of the control (P< 0.05). VTG inductions were significant in larval fish exposed to all the dilution series of river water. No significant difference in CF value was observed in any exposure group after 150 days of depuration. VTG was fully eliminated after 75 days of depuration. For both female and male, GSI did not significantly differ between exposure groups and the control after 150 days of convalescence. The highest female:male ratios were observed in response to the treatment with 50% or 100% river water from the Jiangxinzhou section and 100% river water from the Daqiao section (53:47, 56:44 and 54:46, respectively), but no significant difference in sex ratio was observed in any treated group when compared to the control. The results showed that early life stage exposure of river water from the Yangtze River (Nanjing section) had adverse effects on goldfish development and reproductive health, and the effects on CF and VTG were reversible after depuration in clean water.     

城市生活污水偏振反射特性研究

人类正面临着水污染的严峻挑战,其中生活污水是水污染的一大来源。研究城市生活污水的液面偏振反射特性．对于水资源的监测与利用、环境生态保护都具有重大理论意义和应用前景。本文选取不同浓度的三个生活污水样本,应用二向反射光度计测了不同样本在2π空间的多角度偏振反射光谱数据,建立探测方位角、光线入射角、探测天顶角、偏振角、波段等方面对所测水体的偏振反射数据的关系,并进行了初步分析与研究.这为偏振遥感在水资源环境上的应用奠定了实验基础,并对生活污水的偏振光遥感进行了初步研究。     

基于状态监测和老化试验的火箭发动机寿命评估方法研究

通过分析某型固体火箭发动机的结构,对发动机状态监测系统的微型传感器进行了合理布局,从而得到危险区域的最大应变值。采用加速老化试验,得到推进剂在不同老化温度下延伸率随老化时间的变化曲线。通过化学反应速率,建立不同老化温度下力学性能参数和老化时间的关系,从而确定某贮存温度下推进剂延伸率与贮存时间的关系。将发动机危险点处最大应变与贮存时间的变化关系进行比较,得到推进剂的贮存寿命。     

制导弹药火工品单应力水平加速寿命试验研究

准确判定火工品的剩余寿命,对制导弹药维修工作至关重要。从制导弹药储存的实际情况出发,阐述了适时对火工品实施加速寿命试验的必要性,分析了加速寿命试验中的加速应力、寿命分布、加速系数、应力水平和试验时间,最后结合火工品具有一定储存期和试验为单一应力水平的特点,从不同角度对试验数据处理进行了探讨,从而得出了更为准确的试验结果。     

PA66GF25尼龙隔热条材料热氧老化性的研究

向PA66GF25尼龙隔热条材料中分别加入三种抗氧剂体系,通过测定样品热氧老化实验后的拉伸强度值,研究不同抗氧剂体系对PA66GF25尼龙隔热条材料耐老化性能的稳定作用。结果表明,三种抗氧体系均提高了材料的耐老化性能,尤其是含有碳自由基捕获剂的三元复配体系。同时,对尼龙隔热条材料的静态使用寿命进行了分析与预测:不含抗氧剂的材料静态使用寿命仅为4.34 a,含三元复配抗氧体系的材料则可高达57.05 a。     

上海市民用建筑能耗的估算与分析

建筑能耗是重要的社会能源消耗主体。采用宏观能源统计方法,利用综合能源平衡表估算上海市1999-2009年住宅能耗和公共建筑运行能耗的变化及其特征。结果表明,上海市民用建筑总能耗由1999年的687.82万tce增加到2009年的1 774.91万tce,平均年增长率为4.68%;住宅建筑能耗呈上升趋势,而单位面积能耗逐年下降,单位面积住宅建筑能耗均值比公共建筑低35.30 kgce/(m2.a);公共建筑单位建筑面积能耗变化呈略增态势,2009年单位建筑能耗比1999年高9.64 kgce/(m2.a)。研究结果可为建筑节能减排政策的制定提供决策参考和数据支持。     

温州市不同功能区地表径流污染特征研究

以温州市城区为例,在多雨季节对商业区、工业区、居民区、交通路面、绿地等五大功能区的降雨径流水质进行了6次采样监测,发现不同功能区地表径流水质差异较大。前10 min初期径流中各功能区COD、TN;商业区和工业区的NH4+-N;商业区、交通路面和工业区TP的平均浓度均劣于地表水V类水质标准。随着降雨历时的延长,降雨径流中主要污染物浓度逐渐下降,并在30~45 min趋于稳定。对COD而言,由商业区造成的径流年污染负荷最高,达5 763.15 t/a;对SS而言,温州市几个重要工业经济开发区所造成的径流年污染负荷最为严重,达到15 883.67 t/a,居民区次之,达11 804.81 t/a;对NH4+-N而言,由工业区、商业区和居民区所造成的径流污染相对较重,分别在50 t/a左右。地表径流对温瑞塘河的COD贡献较大,达22.88%;而由地表径流所引起的NH4+-N和TP污染对温瑞塘河的污染贡献较小。     

基于不确定度和敏感度分析的LCA数据质量评估与控制方法

通过提出定量评估并控制LCA数据质量的系统化方法(称为CLCD-Q方法),从LCA案例的原始数据和清单数据算法开始评估不确定度;然后通过两次蒙特卡罗模拟,先后得出单元过程清单数据及LCA结果的不确定度;最后结合敏感度分析,辨识出LCA模型中具有高不确定度和高敏感度的关键数据,从而指出控制和改进数据质量的关键点.结果发现,上述方法可在eBalance软件和CLCD数据库中实现.同时,对中国电网电力生命周期的示例研究表明,上述方法将传统的LCA数据质量评估延伸到了原始数据层面,从而为数据收集过程中的原始数据与算法选择提供了直接的支持,同时也可以针对数据质量不达标的LCA结果,指出最有效的改进方向.