鄱阳湖生态经济区农村生活垃圾的处理主体及功能研究

鄱阳湖生态经济区农村生活垃圾处理现状不容乐观。本文通过对鄱阳湖生态经济区农村垃圾处置现状的调查分析,从农村生活垃圾处理的四个主体：政府、村民、企业、学校等出发,探索四类主体功能实现的途径及方式,即突出政府职能,强化村民主人意识,鼓励企业加入,夯实学校基础,长期坚持,持续推进,以解决垃圾的日益增长与垃圾处理的矛盾,实现政府、群众、企业与环境的共赢,经济、社会、环境效益的统一,共同造就鄱阳湖生态经济区的美好生活。     

Interactive Effects of Harvest and Deer Herbivory on the Population Dynamics of American Ginseng

Abstract:  Few demographic models for any species consider the role of multiple, interacting ecological threats. Many forest herbs are heavily browsed by white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) and a number of these are also harvested for the medicinal, floral, or horticultural trades. Previous studies of the viability of American ginseng ( Panax quinquefolius ) have separately examined the effects of harvesting and deer herbivory. We followed individually marked ginseng plants in 6 populations for 8 years and documented deer browse levels, conducted helicopter surveys to estimate the deer herd size, and documented 2 ginseng harvests. We used this long-term data set to develop a stochastic demographic model that quantified the separate and interactive role of these threats to ginseng viability. Although harvesting and deer herbivory negatively affected ginseng population growth, their effects were not additive. Deer herbivory negatively affected population growth in the absence but not in the presence of harvesting. Life table response experiments revealed that in the presence of harvesting, deer herbivory had some positive effects on vital rates because browsed plants were less apparent to harvesters. Ginseng populations that were harvested responsibly (i.e., planting seeds from harvested individuals) had higher growth rates than those that were harvested irresponsibly. We concluded that both deer populations and harvesting must be managed to ensure sustainable populations of American ginseng. Our findings underscore the importance of long-term monitoring to assess threats to viability and the need for a broad ecological understanding of the complexity of ecosystem management.     

埋地管道腐蚀剩余寿命预测概率模型

为考察腐蚀参数的不确定性对埋地管道失效和剩余寿命的影响,建立以Shell—92确定性模型为基础的管道腐蚀剩余寿命预测概率模型。采用Monte-Carlo方法计算管道剩余寿命及其累积分布函数,并进行参数敏感性分析,详细研讨影响埋地管道腐蚀剩余寿命的主要参数及其随服役时间的变化规律。计算结果表明,提出的管道腐蚀剩余寿命预测模型能有效预测实际中受多因素影响的管道失效和剩余寿命问题。     

航天继电器用AgCuONiO电接触材料的电寿命服役性能研究

目的 探究一种可替代AgCdO的高性能且环境友好的新型电接触材料,以提升航天继电器的可靠性。方法 在一定条件下以合金内氧化法制备AgCuONiO电接触材料,并与商用AgCdO电接触材料进行对比,利用电寿命模拟试验分析2款材料的电寿命循环服役性能,分析其失效机理。结果 AgCuONiO材料的总质量损失为0.000 88 g,平均燃弧时间、燃弧能量、熔焊力、回跳次数、回跳时间、回跳能量分别为4 222μs、694 mJ、0.049 N、1.799次、592.999μs、63.892 mJ,均大于商用AgCdO电接触材料,但其接触电阻低,且稳定,失效模式为无法分断电弧,而商用AgCdO电接触材料为粘连失效。AgCuONiO电接触材料的电寿命服役周期为44073次,是AgCdO电接触材料的3倍左右,因此可以显著提高航天继电器的可靠性。结论AgCuONiO电接触材料的一些电寿命服役性能虽然不如商用AgCdO电接触材料,但其电寿命服役周期明显强于商用Ag Cd O电接触材料,可作为替代AgCdO的较佳候选材料之一,应用于服役寿命要求更长的航天继电器。     

基于DALYs的北京市大气PM2.5载带苯并[a]芘疾病负旦研究

苯并[a]芘(BaP)是一类兼具强致癌性和非致癌毒性的物质,可随PM_(2.5)经呼吸途径进入人体而威胁健康.本文采集2016年北京城区监测点PM_(2.5)样品并采用气相色谱质谱联用仪测定其载带BaP浓度.通过BaP的流行病学及动物毒理学数据的检索和分析,确定BaP呼吸暴露的致癌和非致癌毒效应评价终点及其剂量效应关系.运用伤残调整生命年(DALYs)指标估算了呼吸途径人群PM_(2.5)载带BaP暴露导致的疾病负担.结果显示北京市BaP导致总疾病负担为431.36 DALYs·a~(-1),每千人DALYs为0.03 a~(-1).其中非致癌效应的疾病负担为1.98 DALYs·a~(-1),致癌效应为429.39 DALYs·a~(-1).不同毒效应的疾病负担排序为:癌症(99.54%)发育毒性(0.41%)生殖毒性(0.04%).不同季节的疾病负担贡献差异较大.北京市BaP暴露导致疾病负担的主要贡献季节为冬季,疾病负担贡献的顺序为冬季(88.01%)秋季(4.91%)春季(4.34%)夏季(2.74%).     

生命周期评价在企业环境管理中的应用

环境管理对于企业的可持续发展起着决定性的作用,生命周期评价作为面向产品系统的新型环境管理工具越来越多地被企业所采用。文章结合中国企业环境管理实际,对所采用的环境管理工具做了分类,详述了生命周期评价的具体应用以及优势。对生命周期评价在未来企业环境管理中的重要作用做了展望。     

The time process of post‐earthquake recovery: the Yao'an earthquake in China

Post‐disaster recovery is a constantly changing and developing process. The authors conducted three real‐name follow‐up surveys at 1, 12 and 18 months after the Yao'an earthquake, which had a surface wave magnitude of 6.0. They also calculated recovery ratios at different times and drew post‐earthquake domestic life recovery curves. Based on the recovery curves, the time trajectory of domestic life recovery takes on an approximate S‐type development and change process. The recovery time process of domestic life can be divided into four periods: emergency period (weeks 0–2(5)), early recovery period (weeks 2(5)–24), rapid recovery period (weeks 24–34) and late recovery period (weeks 34–60(80)).     

安徽琅琊山青檀种群数量动态

以种群生命表和生存分析理论为基础,采用胸径大小分级法和分段匀滑技术,编制琅琊山青檀（Pteroceltistatarinowii）种群静态生命表,绘制了死亡率曲线、消失率曲线、存活曲线和生存函数曲线并分析种群数量特征,结合种群动态量化方法和时间序列预测模型分析种群数量动态变化。结果表明：（1）琅琊山青檀种群属稳定增长型。种群径级结构大体呈倒“J”型分布,中、幼龄阶段个体数量较为丰富,老龄阶段个体数量相对较少,种群在发育过程中存在一定波动性,但种群数量变化动态指数Kp,i。和Kp,i（考虑外部干扰时）均大于0。（2）青檀种群死亡率曲线和消失率曲线变化趋势基本一致,均出现2个高峰,一个出现在第Ⅱ龄级,另一个出现在第XI（或Ⅻ）龄级;存活曲线经统计检验趋于Deevey-Ⅱ型。（3）青檀种群的生存率曲线单调下降,累计死亡率曲线单调上升,生存率下降趋势表现为前期高于后期,累计死亡率则相反;生存函数曲线显示,青檀种群具有前期薄弱、中期稳定和后期衰退的特点。（4）在未来2、4、6、8和10a内,青檀种群幼龄级个体数量相对丰富,种群呈稳定增长趋势。     

Assessing the Effects of Non-Point Source Pollution on American Samoa’s Coral Reef Communities

Surveys were completed on Tutuila Island, American Samoa, to characterize reef development and assess the impacts of non-point source pollution on adjacent coral reefs at six sites. Multivariate analyses of benthic and coral community data found similar modern reef development at three locations; Aoa, Alofau, and Leone. These sites are situated in isolated bays with gentle sloping foundations. Aoa reefs had the highest estimates of crustose coralline algae cover and coral species richness, while Leone and Alofau showed high abundances of macroalgae and Porites corals. Aoa has the largest reef flat between watershed discharge and the reef slope, and the lowest human population density. Masefau and Fagaalu have a different geomorphology consisting of cemented staghorn coral fragments and steep slopes, however, benthic and coral communities were not similar. Benthic data suggest Fagaalu is heavily impacted compared with all other sites. Reef communities were assessed as bio-criteria indicators for waterbody health, using the EPA aquatic life use support designations of (1) fully supportive, (2) partially supportive, and (3) non-supportive for aquatic life. All sites resulted in a partially supportive ranking except Fagaalu, which was non-supportive. The results of this rapid assessment based upon relative benthic community measures are less desirable than long-term dataset analyses from monitoring programs, however it fills an important role for regulatory agencies required to report annual waterbody assessments. Future monitoring sites should be established to increase the number of replicates within each geological and physical setting to allow for meaningful comparisons along a gradient of hypothesized pollution levels.     

贮存使用环境对导弹性能的影响机理

目的分析影响导弹性能的主要环境因素及影响机理。方法根据导弹的贮存条件和环境因素的重要性,分析影响导弹性能的主要环境因素,分析总结其影响机理。结果影响导弹性能的主要环境因素包括温度、湿度、振动与冲击、重力、气压和静电,其中温度的主要影响机理是引起力学性能、电器性能、气体和液体对容器的压力、化学反应速度的变化,湿度的影响机理是水膜、凝露的形成和产品的吸湿,振动与冲击的影响机理是疲劳损伤和极限破坏,重力影响固体发动机粘接界面的机理是药柱温度小于平衡温度引起的扯离应力,气压的影响机理是空气压力、空气密度和空气含氧量的变化,静电的影响机理是静电放电和静电引力。结论环境影响导弹性能的机理,对通过设计提高导弹的环境适应能力和使用环境控制都很重要。