Estimating Root Zone Soil Moisture at Continental Scale Using Neural Networks

This study investigates the feasibility of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to retrieve root zone soil moisture (RZSM) at the depths of 20 cm (SM20) and 50 cm (SM50) at a continental scale, using surface information. To train the ANNs to capture interactions between land surface and various climatic patterns, data of 557 stations over the continental United States were collected. A sensitivity analysis revealed that the ANNs were able to identify input variables that directly affect the water and energy balance in root zone. The data important for RZSM retrieval in a large area included soil texture, surface soil moisture, and the cumulative values of air temperature, surface soil temperature, rainfall, and snowfall. The results showed that the ANNs had high skill in retrieving SM20 with a correlation coefficient above 0.7 in most cases, but were less effective at estimating SM50. The comparison of the ANNs showed that using soil texture data improved the model performance, especially for the estimation of SM50. It was demonstrated that the ANNs had high flexibility for applications in different climatic regions. The method was used to generate RZSM in North America using Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) soil moisture data, and achieved a spatial soil moisture pattern comparable to that of Global Land Data Assimilation System Noah model with comparable performance to the SMOS surface soil moisture retrievals. The models can be efficient alternatives to assimilate remote sensing soil moisture data for shallow RZSM retrieval.     

可伸缩延长气体采样装置在应急监测中的应用

提出了一种可伸缩延长气体采样装置,并将其与现场气体监测仪器配套使用。初步考察了延长采样装置中Teflon采样管长度对现场监测结果可能产生的影响,并对监测站实验室楼顶废气排出筒气体进行了实际样品监测。结果表明,该装置可有效提高现场应急监测的安全防护保障效果,增加可监测区域范围,使现场应急监测工作能够为突发性环境污染事件的处置提供更多技术支持。     

基于博弈-可拓理论的隧道围岩稳定性评价

针对隧道围岩稳定性评价的模糊性和主观影响问题，建立基于博弈-可拓理论的隧道围岩稳定性评价模型。该模型采用岩石单轴抗压强度、岩体质量指标、完整性系数、体积节理数、声波纵波波速值、地下水渗水量作为隧道围岩稳定性评价指标，运用关联函数法、熵权法和改进层次分析法单独计算各个指标的权系数，利用博弈论组合赋权确定所得3个权系数的最优组合权系数，以此计算出待评隧道围岩关于各稳定性等级的加权关联度，根据计算结果判定待评隧道围岩稳定性等级。实例计算表明:运用博弈-可拓理论评价隧道围岩稳定性等级，综合了主客观因素，使评价结果更为合理可靠，为隧道风险控制与安全管理提供了新的依据。     

基于MATLAB的火灾探测报警系统寿命分布和可靠度研究

基于不同的系统可靠性寿命分布类型对应的可靠度模型,介绍4种常见的系统可靠性寿命分布模型的适用情况、特征、规律。根据概率论和数理统计相关理论,研究在MATLAB下判断系统寿命分布模型的方法,利用MATLAB函数对模型参数进行估计,构建系统可靠度模型。并以某商场的火灾探测报警系统作为研究对象,收集一段时间的系统故障数据,运用MATLAB数值分析方法,得出火灾探测报警系统的可靠度模型,找出系统可靠度随使用寿命的变化规律。结果表明:计算得到的商场火灾探测报警系统的可靠度随着使用时间变化规律与实际情况基本吻合。     

某RDX基浇注PBX的加速老化规律与寿命评估

目的掌握环三亚甲基三硝胺(RDX)基浇注高聚物黏结炸药(PBX)的加速老化规律,分析老化机理和关键敏感参量,并探讨加速老化寿命评估方法。方法针对RDX基浇注PBX开展60、70、80℃等恒定温度下的加速贮存老化试验,采用微焦点X射线计算机断层扫描仪(微焦点CT)、核磁共振、气相色谱等方法,分析浇注炸药在老化过程中微孔隙率、交联密度以及增塑剂含量等结构参量的变化规律,通过对这几种参量的对比,分析其老化机理,并进一步对加速老化寿命评估方法进行初步探讨。结果浇注PBX在加速老化过程中会出现明显的孔隙率逐渐增加、交联密度逐渐增加以及增塑剂逐渐降低等问题,且表现为温度越高,相关性能参量变化得越快。鉴于增塑剂含量的降低理论上会导致孔隙率增加,且增塑剂具有降低感度的作用,对于侵彻安定性具有较大的影响,且增塑剂含量的表征方法简便,以增塑剂含量作为浇注PBX的敏感参量,采用阿伦尼乌斯模型,对浇注PBX的寿命进行了评估。结论RDX基浇注PBX在加速老化过程中孔隙率、交联密度以及增塑剂含量会出现较为明显的变化,可作为性能评价的敏感参量。以增塑剂含量作为敏感参量,以增塑剂含量降低10%为判据,推导出RDX基浇注PBX的寿命约为14.5 a(25℃)和23.8 a(21℃)。     

Preparation and photocatalytic properties of porous C and N co-doped TiO2 deposited on brick by a fast, one-step microwave irradiation method

A one-step microwave irradiation method was used to deposit carbon and nitrogen co-doped TiO_2((C, N)-TiO_2) on commercial brick((C, N)-TiO_2/brick). The as-prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet–visible(UV–vis) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). A selective technique was also used to investigate the concentration of hydroxyl radicals during UV–vis irradiation of the Methyl Orange solution with the as-prepared samples. The C and N dopants enhanced visible light absorption and provided a longer lifetime for the photo-generated electron–hole pairs. The SEM images showed that the as-prepared sample is porous. The dark adsorption and photodegradation test for(C, N)-TiO_2/brick showed good photodegradation and good recyclability. The best photodegradation rate was 94% after 2 hr. The maximum degradation rate was maintained even after the 6th cycle. The good photocatalytic properties are attributed to the enhanced visible light absorption, enhanced pollutant adsorption arising from the porous structure of the(C, N)-TiO_2 thin film, and longer lifetime of the photo-generated electron–hole pairs.(C, N)-TiO_2/brick should have potential commercial applications in photodegradation processes because of its low cost, good photodegradation, and excellent recyclability.     

弹用电连接器湿热环境下寿命预测

目的预测某型电连接器的剩余寿命。方法以某弹用电连接器为研究对象,在分析导弹服役环境和电连接器失效机理的基础上,基于电连接器接触电阻性能退化特点,利用Wiener过程拟合电连接性能退化轨迹。然后,以Wiener过程的漂移参数为中间变量,采用广义Eyring模型,对温度、湿度应力进行建模,进而根据试验数据对性能退化数据似然函数的参数进行估计。最后,结合加速模型,推导得到正常应力水平下的漂移参数值,从而确定出电连接器的可靠度模型。结果计算出样品电连接器的平均寿命,可进一步推断该型电连接器的其他寿命信息。结论Wiener过程可以拟合湿热环境下电连接器的性能退化轨迹,温湿应力是开展弹上设备试验需重点关注的因素,考虑进一步提高类似环境载荷下的加速退化试验效率,可在一定程度上增大温度应力水平。     

燃煤电厂电除尘改造技术及应用

简述了我国燃煤电厂电除尘器的现状,概述了我国燃煤电厂电除尘器改造的一些主要技术路线,并重点分析了宝钢自备电厂电除尘采用高频电源结合本体扩容的改造案例。     

基于物元可拓的熵值泥石流危险性评价

通过选取能够反映和体现泥石流危险性的8项重要参数指标作为泥石流危险性评价指标,运用物元可拓理论和熵值确定权重法,建立泥石流危险性评价的物元可拓模型。应用建立的物元可拓模型,对舟曲县15条典型泥石流沟的危险性进行评价,得到的评价结果与实际情况相符合,同时也说明基于物元可拓的熵值法能较真实地反映实际泥石流沟的危险性等级,证明该方法应用于泥石流危险性评价的有效性和可行性。     

The Future of Tropical Species on a Warmer Planet

Abstract: Modern global temperature and land cover and projected future temperatures suggest that tropical forest species will be particularly sensitive to global warming. Given a moderate greenhouse gas emissions scenario, fully 75% of the tropical forests present in 2000 will experience mean annual temperatures in 2100 that are greater than the highest mean annual temperature that supports closed‐canopy forest today. Temperature‐sensitive species might extend their ranges to cool refuges, defined here as areas where temperatures projected for 2100 match 1960s temperatures in the modern range. Distances to such cool refuges are greatest for equatorial species and are particularly large for key tropical forest areas including the Amazon and Congo River Basins, West Africa, and the upper elevations of many tropical mountains. In sum, tropical species are likely to be particularly sensitive to global warming because they are adapted to limited geographic and seasonal variation in temperature, already lived at or near the highest temperatures on Earth before global warming began, and are often isolated from cool refuges. To illustrate these three points, we examined the distributions and habitat associations of all extant mammal species. The distance to the nearest cool refuge exceeded 1000 km for more than 20% of the tropical and less than 4% of the extratropical species with small ranges. The biological impact of global warming is likely to be as severe in the tropics as at temperate and boreal latitudes.