RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN WIND VELOCITY AND UNDERWATER IRRADIANCE IN A SHALLOW LAKE (LAKE OKEECHOBEE,FLORIDA, USA)1

ABSTRACT: Relationships between wind velocity and the vertical light attenuation coefficient (K₀) were determined at two locations in a large, shallow lake (Lake Okeechobee, Florida, USA). K₀ was significantly correlated with antecedent wind conditions, which explained as much as 90 percent of the daily variation in K₀. Sub-surface irradiance began to change within 60 to 90 minutes of the time when wind velocity exceeded or dropped below a threshold value. Maximum one hour changes in K₀ were > 50 percent, however, 20 to 30 percent changes were more common. The magnitude of change in K₀ varied spatially based on differences in sediment type. K₀ never exceeded 2.8 at a location where bottom sediments were dominated by a mixture of coarse sand and shells. In comparison, K₀ exceeded 9 during episodic wind events where the bottom sediment was comprised of fine grain mud. Underwater irradiance data can be used to determine threshold wind velocity and account for the influence sediment type has on K₀. Once a threshold velocity has been established, the frequency, rate, and duration of expected change in underwater irradiance can be evaluated. This is critical information for scientists who are studying algal productivity or other light-related phenomena.     

Analysing the influence of visualisations in global environmental governance

Visualisations can highly contribute to the importance and authority of new ideas, concepts, and knowledge claims. Among the many visualisations, few become well-known and influential in environmental governance. Whilst these have been objects of specific research, this study questions what constitutes and underpins their influence. For this, the paper codifies influential visualisations and defines criteria for studying their visual characteristics. The criteria are applied to two case studies, the “traffic light” and the “planetary boundaries” diagrams. To increase the validity of the findings, the study also introduces two “failure cases” as a plausibility check.     

南京城区夏秋季能见度与PM2.5化学成分的关系

为研究南京细颗粒物PM2.5化学成分与能见度的关系,于2011年8月4~17日和2011年10月31日~11月11日在南京城区采集PM2.5样品并分析其化学成分,同时对能见度、PM2.5、相对湿度等进行了同步观测.结果表明:南京城区夏季采样期间的能见度高于秋季,分别约为10.9km、7.5km,低能见度天PM2.5质量浓度较高,能见度与PM2.5的相关系数为-0.75.水溶性离子和总碳分别占PM2.5质量浓度的38%和26%,其中与能见度相关性较显著的是NO3-、SO42-、NH4+、EC.总消光系数的主要贡献者是颗粒物,达98.2%.8月首要消光组分是硫酸铵(NH4)2SO4,占47.0%,有机碳OC和硝酸铵NH4NO3分别占19.2%和14.3%;而11月是NH4NO3、(NH4)2SO4和OC,分别占29.3%、28.7%、26.8%.对不同相对湿度下的能见度和PM2.5化学成分进行拟合.进一步根据WRF/Chem细颗粒物化学成分模拟结果,分别利用拟合关系式和美国IMPROVE关系式,对2011年8月和11月能见度进行计算,与观测对比发现,利用本文拟合关系式计算的能见度结果优于IMPROVE关系式.     

Decomposition of aqueous chlorinated contaminants by UV irradiation with H2O2

In the present study, the decomposition rates of carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) in water by the ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation alone and H₂O₂/UV were experimentally investigated. The detailed experimental studies have been conducted for examining treatment capacities of the two different ultraviolet light sources (low and medium pressure Hg arc) in H₂O₂/UV processes. The low or medium UV lamp alone resulted in a 60%–90% decomposition of 2,4-DCP while a slight addition of H₂O₂ resulted in a drastic enhancement of the 2,4-DCP decomposition rate. The decomposition rate of 2,4-DCP with the medium pressure UV lamp alone was about 3–6 times greater than the low pressure UV lamp alone. In the direct photolysis of aqueous CCl₄, the medium pressure UV lamp had advantage over the low pressure UV lamp because the molar extinction coefficient of CCl₄ at shorter wavelength (210–220 nm) is about 20 to 50 times higher than that at 254 nm. However, adding H₂O₂ to the medium pressure UV lamp system rendered a negative oxidation rate because H₂O₂ acted as a UV absorber being competitive with CCl₄ due to negligible reaction between CCl₄ and OH radicals. The results from the present study indicated significant influence of the photochemical properties of the target contaminants on the photochemical treatment characteristics for designing cost-effective UV-based degradation of toxic contaminants.     

不同切槽参数对围岩稳定性分析

为了分析切槽深度和宽度对巷道围岩变形的影响和确定最佳的底板切槽参数,通过理论分析底板破坏的特征和相应的支护措施;采用FLAC 3D模拟了在不同切槽条件下巷道围岩变形的影响规律;研究了在不同切槽参数条件下巷道围岩的变形情况。结果表明,底板岩层强度不同时应当采取不同的支护措施,底板岩层强度较低时适宜采用加固法,强度较高时采用卸压法。当采用底板切槽来降低巷道围岩变形量时,在底鼓量逐渐减少时顶板下沉量也在急剧增加,并且顶板下沉量要大于底鼓的减少量。因此采用切槽卸压降低底鼓量的方法适用于顶板比较稳定的岩层,在底板中部切槽的效果要优于在两底角切槽,切槽深度为巷道宽度一半时,巷道稳定性最好。     

软弱底板特厚煤层综放面矿压特征研究与应用

水帘洞煤矿3802工作面是彬长矿区首个采用8m小区段煤柱护巷、面临软弱底板问题的特厚煤层工作面,生产条件复杂,类似开采技术经验较少。针对此问题,采用岩石物理力学性质测试和计算机数值模拟等手段,明确软弱底板对综放面矿压影响机理;通过现场实测,对3802工作面矿压特征和覆岩移动规律等进行研究,结果表明,软弱底板条件下特厚煤层综放面较一般底板下特厚煤层综放面矿压显现特征不同,软弱底板吸收能量,将应力转移到深处,一定程度上消除了冲击地压危险,同时矿山压力显现平缓不明显,动载系数小。现场实测结果表明巷道围岩稳定,研究结果可以在类似条件下推广应用。     

采动与承压水耦合作用下煤层底板的 力学效应及破坏机理分析

应用三维弹性中厚板理论,分析了采动与承压水耦合作用下煤层底板的力学效应及破坏机理。基于Hamilton原理推导了采空区底板在采动和水压耦合作用下的变形和应力表达式,分析了其变形和应力的分布特征。最后,推导了在采动与承压水耦合作用下煤层底板破坏极限载荷PS,讨论了影响煤层底板破坏极限载荷PS的因素。研究成果对揭示回采工作面开采时煤层底板隔水层变形破坏,预防煤层底板突水提供了理论依据。     

污染源区结构特征对Tween 80去除DNAPL效果的影响

选择四氯乙烯（PCE）作为特征污染物,通过二维砂箱实验探究3种介质情景中,污染源区结构特征对Tween 80冲洗去除PCE的影响.采用透射光法监测PCE的运移及去除过程,定量测定PCE的饱和度.进而采用不连续的离散状与连续的池状PCE体积比（GTP）定量表征污染源区结构特征.结果表明,PCE在含透镜体介质中运移时,运移路径延长,离散状PCE增多.离散状PCE与Tween 80溶液的有效接触面积较大,被优先溶解去除,而细砂层上部的污染池的比表面积和接触面积较小,溶解能力有限,远比运移路径上的PCE难以去除.此外,初始离散状PCE较多,GTP较大,有利于池状PCE溶解转变为离散状PCE,PCE去除率增大.因此对于实际污染场地,需要详细分析DNAPLs污染源区结构特征,以助于评估表面活性剂冲洗技术的修复效率及试剂消耗.     

Air quality analysis and indexing of Kolkata city with respect to vertical floor heights and seasonal variation

Air pollution is one of the most important global environmental issues. Urban air quality is generally becoming vulnerable especially in the developing countries due to various developmental activities. Several national and international studies prove that air pollution is harmful to human health and its long term exposure contributes to even mortality. Current study has been designed to determine the vertical floor wise air quality status of the city of Kolkata and the seasonal variation of the pollutants during two consecutive years. Particulate matter (PM₁₀ and suspended particulate matter), oxides of nitrogen, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide were analyzed for a total number of 135 air quality samples throughout the study area and period. Pollutants were found positively correlated with each other and with the floor heights. According to the air quality indexing, all the places were found affected from moderate to severe air pollution irrespective of the vertical floor heights, seasons and places. Although, no such seasonal trend has been emerged from the study but the number of samples beyond standard is found highest during the winter season followed by pre-monsoon.