采动与承压水耦合作用下煤层底板的 力学效应及破坏机理分析

应用三维弹性中厚板理论,分析了采动与承压水耦合作用下煤层底板的力学效应及破坏机理。基于Hamilton原理推导了采空区底板在采动和水压耦合作用下的变形和应力表达式,分析了其变形和应力的分布特征。最后,推导了在采动与承压水耦合作用下煤层底板破坏极限载荷PS,讨论了影响煤层底板破坏极限载荷PS的因素。研究成果对揭示回采工作面开采时煤层底板隔水层变形破坏,预防煤层底板突水提供了理论依据。     

不同光环境下薇甘菊形态和生理可塑性及其响应研究

研究了华南地区外来入侵种薇甘菊Mikania micrantha H B Kunth不同光环境下形态和生理可塑性及其适应性响应。通过模拟开阔地段、林缘、大林窗、小林窗、林下等不同生境的的光照环境,并设计一个干扰实验,分析了薇甘菊的生长、碳同化以及生物量分配如何对光环境作出适应性响应。研究了当干扰发生时,薇甘菊如何对光环境的变化做出形态和生理可塑性响应。通过对其各项生物量分配及气体交换等指标的观测,在小林窗光照环境下薇甘菊生长缓慢生物量积累较少,但是如果一旦受到干扰,光照环境得到改善,薇甘菊将在很短的时间内通过适应性形态和生理可塑性响应,迅速体现出较强的入侵性。这也可能是入侵植物薇甘菊＂坐待对策（sit and wait strategy）＂的生动体现：如果外界环境不利,暂且先保持繁殖体（种子或者根茎）,一旦条件成熟（发生干扰条件得到改善或者遗传变异或者生态生理的积累）,就会迅速爆发。所以我们一方面,不用担心郁闭的森林会被薇甘菊入侵,但另一方面也要注意干扰会引起光照等环境条件的改变,使得原来潜伏于林下的薇甘菊繁殖体重新变得富有入侵性。     

Objective and subjective measurements of slipperiness in fast-food restaurants in the USA and their comparison with the previous results obtained in Taiwan

Floor slipperiness is a critical issue in slip and fall incidents which are a major source of occupational injuries. The objectives of the current study were to investigate if the protocols used in a field study conducted in Taiwan could be used in similar environments in the USA and whether consistent results could be obtained. Protocols used in the field study to investigate floor slipperiness in western-style fast-food restaurants in Taiwan included both objective and subjective measurements. Using the same methods as in Taiwan, friction was measured on tiles in six major working areas of 10 fast-food kitchens in the USA as an objective measurement of slipperiness, while the subjective measurement was employees’ ratings of floor slipperiness over the same areas. The Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlation coefficients in the USA between the averaged friction coefficients and subjective ratings for all 60 evaluated areas across 10 restaurants were 0.33 (p = 0.01) and 0.36 (p = 0.005), respectively, which were lower than the correlations of 0.49 and 0.45, respectively, obtained in Taiwan. Cultural differences, the amount of water on the floors in the sink areas and the existence of a slip resistant shoe program in one country might be contributors to the lower correlation coefficients in the USA. However, the current study confirmed the results obtained in Taiwan that average friction coefficient and perception values are in fair agreement, suggesting that both might be reasonably good indicators of slipperiness.     

CHLOROPHYLL,PHOSPHORUS, SECCHI DISK,AND TROPHIC STATE1

ABSTRACT: The relationship between chlorophyll u, total phosphorus, secchi disk depth, and trophic state were examined using data on U.S. lakes collected by U.S. EPA's National Eutrophication Survey. By comparing predicted secchi disk depths with observed summer secchi disk depths in 757 lakes, it was determined that in many lakes non-chlorophyll related light attenuation is important in controlling the amount of chlorophyll u produced per unit of total phosphorus. Ranking of 44 lakes by 18 different trophic state measurements and single and multivariable indices were compared with rankings provided by mean summer ambient total phosphorus and chlorophyll u. The trophic state measurements and indices were much more successful in ranking the lakes against total phosphorus than chlorophyll u, indicating that there are differences in the relative trophic rankings of many of the lakes depending upon whether primary nutrients or biological manifestations are used as the ranking mechanism. If the manifestations of nutrients rather than their absolute levels are the primary criteria for beneficial use of lakes, the use of many of the commonly employed trophic state measurements, which assume or imply that there is a constant relationship between total phosphorus or secchi disk and chlorophyll, can lead to erroneous conclusions and unnecessary costly management controls. Secchi disk measurements may be more useful as a predictor of ambient lake total phosphorus concentrations than of chlorophyll.     

Visible light driven mineralization of spiramycin over photostructured N-doped TiO2 on up conversion phosphors

A novel visible light-active photocatalyst formulation(NdT/OP) was obtained by supporting N-doped TiO_2(NdT) particles on up-conversion luminescent organic phosphors(OP). The photocatalytic activity of such catalysts was evaluated for the mineralization process of spiramycin in aqueous solution. The effect of NdT loading in the range 15–60 wt.% on bulk and surface characteristics of NdT/OP catalysts was investigated by several chemicophysical characterization techniques. The photocatalytic performance of NdT/OP catalysts in the removal of spyramicin from aqueous solution was assessed through photocatalytic tests under visible light irradiation. Total organic carbon(TOC) of aqueous solution,and CO and CO_2 gas concentrations evolved during the photodegradation were analyzed. A dramatic enhancement of photocatalytic activity of the photostructured visible active NdT/OP catalysts,compared to NdT catalyst,was observed. Only CO_2 was detected in gas-phase during visible light irradiation,proving that the photocatalytic process is effective in the mineralization of spiramycin,reaching very high values of TOC removal. The photocatalyst NdT/OP at 30 wt.% of NdT loading showed the highest photocatalytic activity(58%of TOC removed after 180 min irradiation against only 31% removal after 300 min of irradiation of NdT). We attribute this enhanced activity to the high effectiveness in the utilization of visible light through improved light harvesting and exploiting. OP particles act as "photoactive support",able to be excited by the external visible light irradiation,and reissue luminescence of wavelength suitable to promote NdT photomineralization activity.     

鹅掌柴对室内空气的净化作用研究

为探讨鹅掌柴对室内空气的净化作用,对鹅掌柴在不同CO2浓度下的光响应曲线进行测定与分析.结果表明:(1)在光合有效辐射为0～1 200 μmol·m-2·s-1范围内,当CO2浓度为1 200 μmol·mol-1时,鹅掌柴的Pn值最大,CO2浓度800 μmol·mol-1时,Pn值最低, 在光强1 200～2 000 μmol·m-2·s-1范围内,CO2浓度为1 200 μmol·mol-1时,鹅掌柴的Pn值最大,在CO2浓度400 μmol·mol-1时,Pn值最低;(2)当光强为0～1 200 μmol·m-2·s-1,CO2浓度为400 μmol·mol-1时,鹅掌柴的Tr最大,在CO2浓度为800 μmol·mol-1时,Tr值最小值,当光强为1 200～2 000 μmol·m-2·s-1时,鹅掌柴的Tr在CO2浓度1 200 μmol·mol-1时达到最大值,在CO2浓度400 μmol·mol-1时达到最小值.鹅掌柴的Gs和Ci出现与此类似的趋势.这表明在不同光合有效辐射范围内,鹅掌柴的净光合速率和蒸腾速率相对环境CO2的改变会有不同的适应能力.     

煅烧结合光辐照提高纳米AgI/TiO2的可见光响应

为提高AgI/TiO₂的可见光响应能力,采用煅烧结合光辐照的工艺对其进行改性.紫外-可见光吸收分析表明,改性AgI/TiO₂的敏感光谱范围覆盖了整个可见区,吸收边带从465 nm红移至800 nm,在500 nm处的吸光度提高了近3倍.X-射线衍射分析结果指出,煅烧提高了金红石型TiO₂的相对含量,导致禁带宽度从2.89 eV降到2.81 eV,氙灯辐照进一步增加了锐钛型TiO₂、金红石型TiO₂和AgI的相对含量,并生成了新的晶体AgCl,使其禁带宽度又降至1.55 eV左右.AgCl的产生、AgI和金红石型TiO₂相对含量的增加是降低改性材料禁带宽度和增强可见光响应能力的主要原因.研究还表明,只有煅烧后的AgI/TiO₂才能通过光辐照来拓宽可见光敏感范围,而且,光辐照中起作用的主要是紫外光,可见光的作用甚小.研究最后提出将2种或2种以上的卤化银负载在纳米TiO₂上,更能有效地增强TiO₂的可见光响应能力.     

轻质油储罐硫化亚铁自燃机理研究

描述了硫化亚铁的来源、油品罐中硫化亚铁的积聚部位。模拟硫化亚铁的组分和工艺条件,系统研究了硫化亚铁的自燃特性,在水、饱和水蒸气、气速、氧含量等因素的影响下,硫化亚铁起始放热温度和自燃点的变化规律,揭示了硫化亚铁火灾爆炸的内在原因,提出了防范油品罐硫化亚铁火灾爆炸事故的措施建议。     

福州轻轨交通环境地质问题分析

以福州轻轨交通1号线为例,通过对拟建线路所处地质环境背景的实地调查,结合铁路工程技术标准、规范和要求,选取水文工程地质条件、构造条件、地形地貌条件、气候条件、工程构建物及其施工条件等为主要评价要素,初步预测分析和评价了工程项目在建设中及建成后可能引发或工程建设本身可能遭受的各种环境地质问题,主要有基坑突水、压覆温泉、隧道围岩失稳、地面沉降、基坑边坡失稳、断裂活动破坏、温泉超采危害、浅层气包裹体危害、桥梁地基失稳及地震砂土液化等,以为福州地区城市交通建设提供依据。