光污染的危害及防治措施

光污染会引起人的视觉疲劳和视力下降,导致儿童性早熟,而且也危及野生动植物.光污染给天文学家观察星空造成了很大的困难,给航空和行车也带来了很大的威胁.降低日常生活用灯亮度最高指数,在必需大亮度的生产环境中给作业者配以防眩镜,在汽车上安置双焦防眩照明灯,对光源分布做出合理安排,不安装对空灯光装置等可有效减少光危害.     

CHLOROPHYLL,PHOSPHORUS, SECCHI DISK,AND TROPHIC STATE1

ABSTRACT: The relationship between chlorophyll u, total phosphorus, secchi disk depth, and trophic state were examined using data on U.S. lakes collected by U.S. EPA's National Eutrophication Survey. By comparing predicted secchi disk depths with observed summer secchi disk depths in 757 lakes, it was determined that in many lakes non-chlorophyll related light attenuation is important in controlling the amount of chlorophyll u produced per unit of total phosphorus. Ranking of 44 lakes by 18 different trophic state measurements and single and multivariable indices were compared with rankings provided by mean summer ambient total phosphorus and chlorophyll u. The trophic state measurements and indices were much more successful in ranking the lakes against total phosphorus than chlorophyll u, indicating that there are differences in the relative trophic rankings of many of the lakes depending upon whether primary nutrients or biological manifestations are used as the ranking mechanism. If the manifestations of nutrients rather than their absolute levels are the primary criteria for beneficial use of lakes, the use of many of the commonly employed trophic state measurements, which assume or imply that there is a constant relationship between total phosphorus or secchi disk and chlorophyll, can lead to erroneous conclusions and unnecessary costly management controls. Secchi disk measurements may be more useful as a predictor of ambient lake total phosphorus concentrations than of chlorophyll.     

玻璃幕墙光污染环境影响评价案例分析

以两栋建筑为例探讨了玻璃幕墙光污染的环境影响评价体系。提出以眩光特征和不舒适眩光评价等级作为评价标准,同时通过计算确定污染范围和控制手段。结果验证了此评价体系的有效性和实用性。     

Objective and subjective measurements of slipperiness in fast-food restaurants in the USA and their comparison with the previous results obtained in Taiwan

Floor slipperiness is a critical issue in slip and fall incidents which are a major source of occupational injuries. The objectives of the current study were to investigate if the protocols used in a field study conducted in Taiwan could be used in similar environments in the USA and whether consistent results could be obtained. Protocols used in the field study to investigate floor slipperiness in western-style fast-food restaurants in Taiwan included both objective and subjective measurements. Using the same methods as in Taiwan, friction was measured on tiles in six major working areas of 10 fast-food kitchens in the USA as an objective measurement of slipperiness, while the subjective measurement was employees’ ratings of floor slipperiness over the same areas. The Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlation coefficients in the USA between the averaged friction coefficients and subjective ratings for all 60 evaluated areas across 10 restaurants were 0.33 (p = 0.01) and 0.36 (p = 0.005), respectively, which were lower than the correlations of 0.49 and 0.45, respectively, obtained in Taiwan. Cultural differences, the amount of water on the floors in the sink areas and the existence of a slip resistant shoe program in one country might be contributors to the lower correlation coefficients in the USA. However, the current study confirmed the results obtained in Taiwan that average friction coefficient and perception values are in fair agreement, suggesting that both might be reasonably good indicators of slipperiness.     

轻质油品清洁化-脱硫研究进展

从加氢精制、氧化脱臭、吸附脱硫、生物脱硫、光化学反应脱硫五个方面介绍了国内外轻质油品脱硫工艺和技术研究进展 ,并阐述了这些方法的特点、原理及脱硫性能     

Hepatotoxic and haematological effects of Nigerian Bonny light crude oil in male albino rats

The effect of Bonny light crude oil was assessed in adult albino rats. The rats were administered with 200, 400, and 800?mg/kg of the crude oil orally for 7 days. Fluid intake was measured daily, and the initial and final animal body weight recorded. Oral crude oil at these doses produced no effect on feed and fluid intake between the test groups and the control group. There was a significant decrease in body weight compared to the control group after 7 days of treatment with the different doses of crude oil.

The toxic effects of the liver and hematological effects were assessed. The packed cell volume (PCV) and total white blood cell (WBC) of the 200?mg/kg group were significantly decreased compared to the respective control values. Administration of 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg of Bonny light crude oil, caused a significant dose-dependent increase in glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) levels, but a significant decrease in the alkaline phosphatase (AP) level compared to the control. Histological examination indicates that crude oil induced severe pathologic changes in the forms of necrosis and oedema.     

环氧云铁/丙烯酸涂层户外暴露试验与实验室综合加速试验的相关性研究

目的 研究有机涂层在拉萨试验站户外暴露试验与多因素综合高原高寒气候环境模拟加速试验条件下的相关性。方法 以环氧云铁/丙烯酸有机涂层为研究对象,通过开展户外暴露试验和实验室综合模拟加速试验,利用光泽计和色差仪等分析设备,获得用于表征涂层老化性能的色差和失光率变化规律,比较涂层体系在2种试验条件下老化程度。采用ATR-FTIR、EIS等方法研究涂层分子结构变化和不同环境条件对涂层防腐性能的影响,并分析涂层的降解机理。采用Spearman秩相关系数(rhos)法计算涂层体系在2种环境下的相关性。结果 与户外暴露试验12个月相比,综合模拟加速试验60 d,环氧云铁/丙烯酸有机涂层的色差和失光率基本一致,其色差的相关性为0.771 4,失光率的相关性为0.828 6。结论 与拉萨试验站户外暴露试验相比较,环氧云铁/丙烯酸涂层体系在综合加速试验后的色差、失光率、红外光谱、电化学阻抗等关键性能参数变化趋势基本一致,老化机理基本相同。多因素综合高原高寒气候环境模拟加速试验装置能够综合模拟高原高寒气候环境下阳辐射、气压、温度和湿度等环境因素,具有较好的模拟性和相关性。     

底泥轻组有机质对镧沸石控磷效果的影响

底泥中轻组有机质对其中磷的吸附-释放行为影响显著。镧沸石可有效地控制底泥磷释放,但轻组有机质对控磷效果的影响尚不清楚。因此,考察了镧沸石对原底泥(raw sediment,简称R-S)和去除轻组有机质底泥(light fraction organic removal sediment,简称LFOR-S)中磷释放的控制效果及机理。R-S和LFOR-S的最大磷吸附量分别为2 568 mg·kg⁻¹和2 071 mg·kg⁻¹,投加镧沸石可将其提高到4 054 mg·kg⁻¹和4 014 mg·kg⁻¹。LFOR-S在24 h内磷释放量为R-S的1.61倍。温度从5 ^oC上升到30 ^oC时,镧沸石对R-S的磷释放控制率逐渐升高,而对LFOR-S的磷释放控制率由90%下降到76%后又回到原水平。XPS表征发现,配体交换是镧沸石控制2种底泥磷释放的主要机制。镧沸石可将底泥中非稳定态磷转化为稳定态,但LFOR-S中减少的非稳定磷的并未完全转化为稳定态,而是进入了水相中使其磷释放量高于R-S,导致控磷效果变差。在原位钝化实际工程中,温度升高引起底泥轻组有机质含量下降时,需提高镧沸石投量以获得稳定的控磷效果。     

喷射环流三相光催化反应器可见光下降解酸性湖兰A的研究

设计了一种喷射环流三相光催化反应器。用该反应器在可见光下,对染料酸性湖兰A在不同初始浓度、催化剂浓度、pH、光照时间下光催化降解脱色率的影响进行了研究。实验结果表明,反应最佳pH为6,反应最佳时间为20min,催化剂最佳投加量为8g／L。在最优条件下,染料脱色率达90％以上。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘石油苗的成因探讨

最近在鄂尔多斯盆地东缘石露头（二马营组T(e2)）发现一油气苗，通过对油苗的微观分子组成和碳同位素地球化学特征分析，认为该油苗的地球化学性质与在鄂尔多斯盆地迄今所发现的原油或凝析油差别较大，推测其油源岩为下古生界的碳酸盐岩，这一发现对鄂尔多斯盆地东缘油气勘探可能具有重要的意义。