Conservation implications of anthropogenic impacts on visual communication and camouflage

Anthropogenic environmental impacts can disrupt the sensory environment of animals and affect important processes from mate choice to predator avoidance. Currently, these effects are best understood for auditory and chemosensory modalities, and recent reviews highlight their importance for conservation. We examined how anthropogenic changes to the visual environment (ambient light, transmission, and backgrounds) affect visual communication and camouflage and considered the implications of these effects for conservation. Human changes to the visual environment can increase predation risk by affecting camouflage effectiveness, lead to maladaptive patterns of mate choice, and disrupt mutualistic interactions between pollinators and plants. Implications for conservation are particularly evident for disrupted camouflage due to its tight links with survival. The conservation importance of impaired visual communication is less documented. The effects of anthropogenic changes on visual communication and camouflage may be severe when they affect critical processes such as pollination or species recognition. However, when impaired mate choice does not lead to hybridization, the conservation consequences are less clear. We suggest that the demographic effects of human impacts on visual communication and camouflage will be particularly strong when human‐induced modifications to the visual environment are evolutionarily novel (i.e., very different from natural variation); affected species and populations have low levels of intraspecific (genotypic and phenotypic) variation and behavioral, sensory, or physiological plasticity; and the processes affected are directly related to survival (camouflage), species recognition, or number of offspring produced, rather than offspring quality or attractiveness. Our findings suggest that anthropogenic effects on the visual environment may be of similar importance relative to conservation as anthropogenic effects on other sensory modalities.     

附生假单胞菌存在下不同光照时间对铜绿微囊藻生长与磷代谢的影响

通过设置8/16、12/12、16/8不同光暗比,分析了附生细菌存在下不同光照时间对铜绿微囊藻(M icrocystis aeruginosa)生长及其与附生假单胞菌(Pseudom onassp.)磷代谢之间关系的影响。结果表明:光照时间越长,铜绿微囊藻生长越快,16 h光照下的比增长速率为8 h光照下的1.6倍。铜绿微囊藻的快速生长促进了附生细菌中磷的释放;藻细胞增殖越快,附生细菌释放的磷越多。铜绿微囊藻对数生长期末,8、12、16 h光照下附生细菌磷含量分别降至对数生长初期的87.8%、78.6%和64.9%。铜绿微囊藻对附生细菌磷释放的促进作用是由藻细胞生长对磷的消耗再吸收导致的。     

光照、水温和营养盐对浮游植物生长重要影响大小的顺序

根据光照、水温、营养盐对浮游植物生长影响的研究结果,综合分析光照、水温、营养盐影响浮游植物生长的变化和其集群结构的改变,探讨了上述因子影响浮游植物生长的生理特征和其集群结构的改变特点.本文阐明光照、水温和营养盐对浮游植物生长影响的机理和过程,确定了它们对浮游植物生长重要影响大小的顺序,由小到大的重要影响程度依次为:光照、水温和营养盐Si.这样,在人类的活动中,首先要考虑输入大海的营养盐Si,其次要关注海洋的水温变化,为海洋生态的持续发展做出积极的贡献.     

自然光照对淹水条件下三峡库区消落带典型土壤磷释放影响

为研究淹水条件下光照对土-水界面磷释放的影响,以三峡库区消落带典型土壤为对象,通过室内自然光照试验,讨论了铁还原及有机质降解对磷释放的影响,分析光照对淹水土壤磷释放的影响机制.结果表明,光照对淹水土壤磷释放存在一定程度的抑制作用,光照作用下淹水紫色潮土上覆水体中TP浓度范围为0.018~0.033 mg·L-1,避光处理为0.02~0.057mg·L-1,灰棕紫泥光照下TP浓度范围为0.028~0.045 mg·L-1,避光处理为0.04~0.084 mg·L-1.光照引起淹水土壤中铁氧化物的变化可能是光照抑制磷释放的重要原因.光照导致土壤中铁氧化物饱和程度降低,铁还原和无定形铁生成受阻进一步加深了光照对磷释放的抑制影响.CO2和CH4反映淹水土壤有机质分解情况,光照降低有机碳的转化效率,加速土壤中无机电子受体的消耗,解释了光照作用下铁氧化物的变化.由此可见,光照对淹水土壤磷释放的抑制与淹水土壤中铁还原和有机质分解密切相关.     

Preparation and characterization of visible-light-active nitrogen-doped TiO2 photocatalyst

A visible-light photocatalyst was prepared by calcination of the hydrolysis product of Ti(SO4)2 with ammonia as precipitator. The color of this photocatalyst was vivid yellow. It could absorb light under 550 nm wavelength. The crystal structure of anatase was characterized by XRD. The structure analysis result of X-ray fluorescence(XRF) shows that doped-nitrogen was presented in the sample. The photocatalytic activities were evaluated using methyl orange and phenol as model pollutants. The photocatalytic activities of samples were increasing gradually with calcination temperature from 400℃ to 700℃ under UV irradiation. It can be seen that the degradation of methyl orange follows zero-order kinetics. However, the calcination temperatures have no significant influence on the degradation of phenol under sunlight. The N-doped catalyst shows higher activity than the bare one under solar irradiation.     

水体中甲基汞光化学降解特征研究

为探究水体中甲基汞（MMHg）的光化学行为,采用室内模拟实验,以不同波长紫外灯及室内可见光为光源,探讨紫外光波长、光强度等因素对MMHg光降解的影响,并根据生成物Hg0的量变化分析MMHg光降解反应历程.研究表明,MMHg光降解最终产物中含有Hg0,且光照条件对MMHg光降解速率、Hg0的产量有影响.在反应器暴露于紫外光条件下时,MMHg光降解速率随紫外光波长的变短而增加,随紫外光强度的提高而增加,且MMHg光降解呈一级动力学反应,速率常数分别为KUVA 0.403～0.562 h-1、KUVB 0.961 h-1、KUVC 1.221 h-1和KVL＋UVA＋UVB 1.346 h-1;Hg0释放通量为0.166～0.392 ng·min-1.当反应器暴露于可见光条件下时,反应器内MMHg浓度下降速率较慢,KVL0.061 h-1;Hg0释放通量为0.008 ng·min-1.而在黑暗条件下没有发现反应器内MMHg浓度下降,无Hg0生成.可见紫外光是导致MMHg降解的主要原因,光波波长与强度对MMHg的环境地球化学行为有重要影响.     

溶解氧和光照对狐尾藻衰亡释放氮磷碳的影响

将杀青后的狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)切成0.5～1cm段浸泡于添加氯仿(抑制微生物活性)的装水烧杯中,置于人工气候箱(温度为5℃),考察光照和溶解氧对因植物组织溶解而导致的氮磷碳释放的影响。研究结果表明曝气组总氮释放量平均3.33mg/L,比不曝气组高6.39%。总磷释放量平均15.07mg/L,比不曝气组低50%以上。COD平均释放量66.83mg/L,为不曝气组2倍以上。(1)曝气抑制了硝氮释放。在搅拌作用下,植物残体和水溶液充分碰撞与接触,加速植物残体中氮和碳向水中转化,导致曝气组总氮、氨氮、有机氮和COD升高。曝气组植物残体破碎导致表面积增加对磷吸收的促进程度强于对附着作用的降低以及植物残体磷释放作用的增加,综合作用下导致水中磷浓度降低。曝气抑制了硝氮、总磷、溶解性总磷和溶解性无机磷释放。(2)有光照组总氮、总磷和COD平均浓度分别为3.13,30.53和32.51mg/L,分别为无光照组的1.24,3.28和2.46倍。光照促进狐尾藻总氮、氨氮、硝氮、总磷、溶解性总磷、溶解性无机磷及碳的释放,但抑制有机氮释放。     

308 nm光作用下α-Fe2O3表面HNO3的光解

采用紫外可见光谱(UV-Vis)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)及离子色谱(IC)技术对HNO3在α-Fe2O3表面暗反应和308nm下光解反应进行了研究.考察了时间、HNO3浓度、相对湿度(RH)等条件对反应的影响.结果表明,随着HNO3浓度、光照时间的增加,HNO3在气相与α-Fe2O3表面光解产物浓度均呈指数增加;HNO3在α-Fe2O3表面光解产生的NO2、NO分别为气相产生的3.27及3.87倍,而无论气相还是表面光解的NO2浓度均约为NO的2倍.随着RH的增加,HNO3光解产生的HONO的浓度随之呈指数增大,其产率从RH 20%时的0.023增加到90%时的0.087.α-Fe2O3的表面效应在HNO3的表面光解反应中起主导作用.     

施用生物炭对土壤Cd形态转化及烤烟吸收Cd的影响

采用盆栽试验模拟Cd污染土壤,研究施用烟秆炭(0、10、20 g·kg~(-1))对土壤pH、有机质含量、土壤Cd形态分布及烤烟Cd含量和Cd累积量的影响.结果表明:随着生育期的延长,土壤pH和有机质含量均呈现升高的趋势.在同一Cd污染水平下,土壤pH和有机质含量均随生物炭施用量的增加而升高.随生物炭施用量的增加,土壤有效态Cd和可交换态Cd含量显著降低,土壤碳酸盐结合态Cd、铁锰氧化物结合态Cd、有机结合态Cd和残渣态Cd含量升高.移栽后30 d,处理G2T2和G2T1的土壤有效态Cd含量的降幅分别达到45.59%和24.56%.外源添加Cd的土壤中,土壤pH和有机质含量均与土壤有效态Cd和可交换态Cd含量呈显著负相关关系(p0.01),与土壤碳酸盐结合态Cd、铁锰氧化物结合态Cd和有机结合态Cd含量呈显著正相关关系(p0.01).在Cd污染土壤上,施用生物炭能明显降低烟株各部位Cd含量,烟株各部位干物质积累量随生物炭施用量的增加显著升高,烟株各部位Cd累积量和总Cd累积量随生物炭施用量的增加呈降低的趋势.由此说明,在Cd污染的土壤上施用生物炭能够使土壤中可被植物吸收利用的有效态Cd转化为潜在的无效态Cd,从而达到修复土壤并减轻作物受Cd毒害的目的.