面向粮食产量空间化的多元回归分析模型中的两个关键问题探讨

为比较不同区域尺度变量对模型拟合效果的影响,在全国不分区和分区两种情况下,分别基于县级和地市级两个区域尺度上的样本构建粮食产量与水田、水浇地、旱地面积之间的多元线性回归模型,结果显示,用地市级数据作分析样本比用县级数据作分析样本好,分区建模比不分区建模效果好。因此,将全国划分为7个区,以地市级数据作为区域尺度的变量,在区域、栅格、亚栅格三个尺度上探讨变量（因变量、自变量）尺度和常数项取值这两个因素对模型应用的影响。得到以下结论：1）基于区域尺度样本构建的多元回归模型,如果常数项不为0,则不能用于空间化计算;如果常数项为0,则可以用于空间化计算;2）基于栅格尺度样本构建的多元回归模型,不论常数项是否为0,均可应用于空间化计算;3）基于亚栅格尺度样本构建的多元回归模型,不论其常数项是否为0,也均可用于空间化计算,但需要将计算结果乘以一个系数,该系数等于栅格单元面积与亚栅格单元面积的比值。上述结论对其他类型的统计数据空间化具有指导和参考价值。     

天津市冬季颗粒物化学组成及其消光特征

于2013年冬季在天津大气边界层观测站利用Andersen撞击式采样器采集了26 d的颗粒物样品,并进行化学组分分析,同步观测颗粒物吸收系数、数浓度、能见度及其他气象要素. 对比分析了污染日和清洁日颗粒物质量浓度及其化学组成的粒径分布特征,在此基础上,利用Mie模型计算外混、内混、“核-壳” 3种混合态假设下颗粒物的消光系数、散射系数和吸收系数. 与实测吸收系数的比较可知,颗粒物的混合态可能更加接近“核-壳”态. “核-壳”态假设下颗粒物平均消光系数模拟值为(517.44±308.42)Mm-1,其中污染日平均值为(668.39±307.30)Mm-1,清洁日为(275.91±37.90)Mm-1,相对湿度对颗粒物的消光系数有显著影响. 污染日颗粒物中OM(有机质)、(NH₄)₂SO₄、NH₄NO₃、EC和其他物质对消光系数的贡献率分别为30.4%、25.5%、17.7%、8.1%和18.3%,清洁日分别为49.8%、11.0%、7.2%、10.6%和21.4%. PM_0.4~1.1、PM>1.1~2.1、PM>2.1~10的消光系数贡献率分别为69.6%±6.7%、13.9%±3.3%和16.5%±6.4%. 污染日高浓度的细粒子是导致能见度下降的主要原因,其中亚微米颗粒物对消光占据主导地位,(NH₄)₂SO₄、NH₄NO₃、OM是主要的消光化学组分.      

Effects of water quality on the coagulation performances of humic acids irradiated with UV light

The presence of humic acid in drinking water treatment has received significant attention in recent years because of its adverse effects on the removal of many pollutants in coagulation. In this paper, the effects of water quality including pH, turbidity, alkalinity, and hardness on the removal of humic acid were investigated in a UV light hybridized coagulation process. Our results suggested that UV light radiation could effectively improve the removal rate of humic acid in coagulation under both neutral and basic conditions, and the variations of the selected water quality parameters had little adverse effect on the function of UV light. After UV light radiation, the removal rate of the nitro-humic acid (NHA) increased from 20% to 60% in coagulation, and increased further to 75% and 85% for the raw waters with 10.0 NTU kaolin and 100 mg·L^-1 hardness, respectively. In addition to NHA, the removal rates of the humic acid extracted from peat coal (PHA) and the humic acid provided by Japan metals and chemicals company (JHA) in coagulation were also improved, both in the range of 80%–90% after undergoing UV light radiation. By changing the radiation location from prior to coagulation to the flocculation process, similar experimental results were obtained. The formation of positive charged sites after UV light radiation was considered to be the primary factor that led to an enhanced removal of the humic acid in coagulation.     

快速城市化时期中国城市建成区植被状况的时空分异特征

基于植被变化视角,以中国656 个建制城市的建成区为研究对象,选择1992、2000 和2010 年DMSP/OLS 夜间灯光数据和植被数据,选用城市建成区内归一化植被指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI）的均值反映建成区植被的状况;用建成区内NDVI均值和背景区内NDVI均值的比值（NDVI比值）衡量人为因素对城市建成区植被的影响情况。结果表明：①同一年份,城市规模越大,建成区植被越差;近20 a 来,除小城市植被变差外,其他等级城市植被总体在变好。②同一年份,规模小的城市人为因素产生的不利影响相对较小。近20 a 来,人为因素对特大城市和大城市植被产生的不利影响在减小,而中等城市基本不变,小城市则变大。③同一年份,从湿润半湿润森林带、半干旱草原带到干旱荒漠带的城市建成区内的植被逐渐变差;近20 a 来,干旱荒漠带的建成区植被状况略微变差,其余植被带内建成区植被变好。④同一年份,从湿润半湿润森林带、半干旱草原带到干旱荒漠带人为因素对建成区植被的不利影响逐渐减小;近20 a 来,湿润半湿润森林带内人为因素对建成区植被的不利影响在减小,而其他植被带内,人为因素的不利影响在增加。     

Fe掺杂TiO2催化剂制备及其光催化脱汞机理

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备Fe-TiO₂(Fe掺杂纳米二氧化钛)催化剂,通过XRD(X射线衍射仪)、SEM(扫描电镜)、EDX(能量色散X射线光谱仪)和UV-Vis谱对其形态、结构、组成和性质进行表征. 采用Fe-TiO₂催化剂脱除气态Hg0(元素汞),研究了该催化剂在紫外光和可见光下的脱汞效果,并考察了Fe3+的最佳掺杂比. 结果表明:在Fe-TiO₂光催化剂中,TiO₂以锐钛矿相形态存在,当Fe3+掺杂浓度〔以n(Fe)/n(Ti)计〕达到0.010时,所制备的Fe-TiO₂在紫外光和可见光下的脱汞率均达到最大,分别为54.76%和18.92%. 提出了Fe-TiO₂光催化脱汞的可能机制:Fe3+掺入TiO₂结构中,使TiO₂的导带与Fe3+的d轨道发生重叠,导致TiO₂能带变窄,从而扩展了可见光的响应范围;Fe3+在TiO₂中作为一个浅俘获阱,当其俘获光生电子以后,光生空穴能够继续扩散到TiO₂表面发生表面化学反应,生成具有强氧化性的超氧自由基O₂-和·OH,对Hg0进行氧化;当Fe3+掺杂浓度大于0.010时,由于过多的Fe3+成为了光生电子和光生空穴的俘获位,从而使俘获的电子-空穴对通过量子隧道效应复合的概率增加,同时,活性氧化物种O₂-和·OH相互消耗,抑制了光催化效率.      

稀酸预处理铜藻制备生物乙醇工艺

选取暖温带海洋生态环境生物修复的首选物种——铜藻(Sargassum horneri)为原料进行生物乙醇的制备,以稀硫酸水解后的还原糖收率为响应值,考察水解温度、液固比、水解时间和w(H₂SO₄)等参数对水解效率的影响. 为优化稀酸水解铜藻预处理的工艺条件,在单因素试验的基础上,利用Box-Benhnken中心组合设计法和响应面分析法,建立稀酸预处理工艺参数的回归模型,并与酶水解及发酵相结合验证了铜藻稀酸预处理效果. 结果表明:①稀酸水解铜藻的最优工艺参数. 水解温度为120 ℃,液固比为20∶1,水解时间为2.00 h,w(H₂SO₄)为4.50%. ②稀酸水解铜藻过程中各影响因素之间存在交互作用,水解时间和w(H₂SO₄)的非线性作用显著. ③对经最佳稀酸预处理工艺处理后的铜藻粉进行酶水解,其还原糖收率为44.05%,是未预处理下的8.14倍,并且后续进行发酵后,乙醇产率达7.80%,是未预处理下的2.00倍. 表明铜藻是一种潜在的生物乙醇原料,稀酸预处理方法对铜藻生物乙醇的制备行之有效.      

Electrochemical degradation of Acid Red I dye and its treatment by UV light

Degradation of Acid Red I (ARI) dye by electrochemical treatment and UV light irradiation was studied in this work. The effect of the current density and the concentration of NaCl and dye on the decoloration and degradation efficiency were studied and optimized. The UV irradiation was monitored by UV-Vis spectrophotometry and chemical oxygen demand. The kinetic constants for decoloration and degradation were calculated. Degradation of 86% was achieved in 160?min and the first-order kinetic constant was 0.013?min^?1. Degradation products were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The mechanism for the degradation of ARI was proposed.     

Photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin in aqueous media: a short review

The frequent detection of antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin in surface and drinking waters around the world has attracted concern from various researchers. Such presence is an indication that the decontamination of water polluted by antibiotics is beyond the conventional treatment methods. However, among the different treatment methods that have been developed in the area of water purification, heterogeneous photocatalysis using semiconductor as a mediator has been rated as an efficient and a green wastewater treatment method. This is because, the process is effective in degrading and mineralizing organic pollutants, using UV or visible light. The present review paper covers a brief survey over a range of publications in the last decade, involving photocatalytic materials that have been employed in the purification of water contaminated by ciprofloxacin.     

Determination and QSPR analysis of log Kow and log Koc for fluorine containing benzene derivatives

Octanol‐water partition coefficients (Kow) and soil organic carbon sorption coefficients (Koc) were determined for 14 fluorinated benzene derivatives. Quantitative structure‐property relationships were developed using molecular connectivity indices and quantum chemical parameters to analyze the most significant factors influencing these physico‐chemical properties of the compounds. The substitution by F in benzene derivatives has greater influence on Koc than on Kow.     

杭州无车日大气细颗粒物化学组成形成机制及光学特性

在世界无车日期间对PM2.5化学组分、光学参数及气态污染物进行同步监测,评估机动车尾气排放对杭州市细颗粒物污染及能见度的影响.结果表明:管制期间NO2、NOx、CO和PM2.5浓度分别为45.0, 50.8, 1119, 85.8μg/m3,比平日分别下降了17.5%、23.3%、20.6%和32.6%.管制期间PM2.5中OC、EC和二次无机组分浓度为8.58, 4.29, 25.95μg/m3,比管制前下降了13.8%、12.6%和15.7%,管制后则达到20.24, 10.85, 27.39μg/m3,上升了136.0%、152.7%和5.5%.管制期间较高的NO3-/PM2.5和NOR(0.15)表明PM2.5的形成更多受二次无机转化影响,管制后PM2.5中上升的OC、EC比例和较低的NOR(0.07)则说明PM2.5主要来自机动车排放的碳质组分的贡献.硫酸盐、硝酸盐、有机气溶胶和EC是最主要的消光组分,共解释了总消光系数的74.0%~89.7%.管制后,机动车排放的有机物和EC消光比例达到26.6%和24.6%,大气消光系数则达到438.7Mm-1,比管制期间上升了60.5%,表明机动车污染排放已成为影响杭州大气细颗粒物污染和能见度下降的重要因素.