2012—2014年冬季北京上甸子气溶胶观测研究

为了分析冬季上甸子本底站气溶胶的变化特征,利用2012—2014年每年1月上甸子本底站的能见度、ρ(PM_2.5)、ρ(BC)、ρ(CO)等数据,结合气象资料对上甸子地区气溶胶特性进行分析. 结果表明:2012—2014年每年1月地面月均风速分别为2.5、2.4和2.4 m/s,RH(相对湿度)分别为45.6%、59.5%和45.8%,ρ(PM_2.5)分别为38.6、54.7和45.2 μg/m3,MSE(气溶胶质量散射系数)分别为5.3、5.9和4.9 m2/g. 虽然地面风速基本没有变化,但2013年1月的RH比2012年和2013年1月平均高出30%,并且同期ρ(PM_2.5)和MSE也高于2012年和2013年1月. ρ(PM_2.5)的增加导致太阳辐射减弱,但对SSA(气溶胶单次反照率)影响不大. 对2013年1月数据分析可知,各种RH区段下,能见度与ρ(PM_2.5)均呈负相关,其中在80.0%10 km时,b_ext和B_ext(分别以能见度和大气组分计算的大气消光系数)基本相当,二者在这3年的拟合斜率平均值高达0.99;当能见度<5 km时,2014年1月的b_ext和B_ext之间不存在线性关系,2012年和2013年1月的b_ext和B_ext的R2分别是0.88和0.92.      

天津市冬季颗粒物化学组成及其消光特征

于2013年冬季在天津大气边界层观测站利用Andersen撞击式采样器采集了26 d的颗粒物样品,并进行化学组分分析,同步观测颗粒物吸收系数、数浓度、能见度及其他气象要素. 对比分析了污染日和清洁日颗粒物质量浓度及其化学组成的粒径分布特征,在此基础上,利用Mie模型计算外混、内混、“核-壳” 3种混合态假设下颗粒物的消光系数、散射系数和吸收系数. 与实测吸收系数的比较可知,颗粒物的混合态可能更加接近“核-壳”态. “核-壳”态假设下颗粒物平均消光系数模拟值为(517.44±308.42)Mm-1,其中污染日平均值为(668.39±307.30)Mm-1,清洁日为(275.91±37.90)Mm-1,相对湿度对颗粒物的消光系数有显著影响. 污染日颗粒物中OM(有机质)、(NH₄)₂SO₄、NH₄NO₃、EC和其他物质对消光系数的贡献率分别为30.4%、25.5%、17.7%、8.1%和18.3%,清洁日分别为49.8%、11.0%、7.2%、10.6%和21.4%. PM_0.4~1.1、PM>1.1~2.1、PM>2.1~10的消光系数贡献率分别为69.6%±6.7%、13.9%±3.3%和16.5%±6.4%. 污染日高浓度的细粒子是导致能见度下降的主要原因,其中亚微米颗粒物对消光占据主导地位,(NH₄)₂SO₄、NH₄NO₃、OM是主要的消光化学组分.      

Effects of water quality on the coagulation performances of humic acids irradiated with UV light

The presence of humic acid in drinking water treatment has received significant attention in recent years because of its adverse effects on the removal of many pollutants in coagulation. In this paper, the effects of water quality including pH, turbidity, alkalinity, and hardness on the removal of humic acid were investigated in a UV light hybridized coagulation process. Our results suggested that UV light radiation could effectively improve the removal rate of humic acid in coagulation under both neutral and basic conditions, and the variations of the selected water quality parameters had little adverse effect on the function of UV light. After UV light radiation, the removal rate of the nitro-humic acid (NHA) increased from 20% to 60% in coagulation, and increased further to 75% and 85% for the raw waters with 10.0 NTU kaolin and 100 mg·L^-1 hardness, respectively. In addition to NHA, the removal rates of the humic acid extracted from peat coal (PHA) and the humic acid provided by Japan metals and chemicals company (JHA) in coagulation were also improved, both in the range of 80%–90% after undergoing UV light radiation. By changing the radiation location from prior to coagulation to the flocculation process, similar experimental results were obtained. The formation of positive charged sites after UV light radiation was considered to be the primary factor that led to an enhanced removal of the humic acid in coagulation.     

快速城市化时期中国城市建成区植被状况的时空分异特征

基于植被变化视角,以中国656 个建制城市的建成区为研究对象,选择1992、2000 和2010 年DMSP/OLS 夜间灯光数据和植被数据,选用城市建成区内归一化植被指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI）的均值反映建成区植被的状况;用建成区内NDVI均值和背景区内NDVI均值的比值（NDVI比值）衡量人为因素对城市建成区植被的影响情况。结果表明：①同一年份,城市规模越大,建成区植被越差;近20 a 来,除小城市植被变差外,其他等级城市植被总体在变好。②同一年份,规模小的城市人为因素产生的不利影响相对较小。近20 a 来,人为因素对特大城市和大城市植被产生的不利影响在减小,而中等城市基本不变,小城市则变大。③同一年份,从湿润半湿润森林带、半干旱草原带到干旱荒漠带的城市建成区内的植被逐渐变差;近20 a 来,干旱荒漠带的建成区植被状况略微变差,其余植被带内建成区植被变好。④同一年份,从湿润半湿润森林带、半干旱草原带到干旱荒漠带人为因素对建成区植被的不利影响逐渐减小;近20 a 来,湿润半湿润森林带内人为因素对建成区植被的不利影响在减小,而其他植被带内,人为因素的不利影响在增加。     

Fe掺杂TiO2催化剂制备及其光催化脱汞机理

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备Fe-TiO₂(Fe掺杂纳米二氧化钛)催化剂,通过XRD(X射线衍射仪)、SEM(扫描电镜)、EDX(能量色散X射线光谱仪)和UV-Vis谱对其形态、结构、组成和性质进行表征. 采用Fe-TiO₂催化剂脱除气态Hg0(元素汞),研究了该催化剂在紫外光和可见光下的脱汞效果,并考察了Fe3+的最佳掺杂比. 结果表明:在Fe-TiO₂光催化剂中,TiO₂以锐钛矿相形态存在,当Fe3+掺杂浓度〔以n(Fe)/n(Ti)计〕达到0.010时,所制备的Fe-TiO₂在紫外光和可见光下的脱汞率均达到最大,分别为54.76%和18.92%. 提出了Fe-TiO₂光催化脱汞的可能机制:Fe3+掺入TiO₂结构中,使TiO₂的导带与Fe3+的d轨道发生重叠,导致TiO₂能带变窄,从而扩展了可见光的响应范围;Fe3+在TiO₂中作为一个浅俘获阱,当其俘获光生电子以后,光生空穴能够继续扩散到TiO₂表面发生表面化学反应,生成具有强氧化性的超氧自由基O₂-和·OH,对Hg0进行氧化;当Fe3+掺杂浓度大于0.010时,由于过多的Fe3+成为了光生电子和光生空穴的俘获位,从而使俘获的电子-空穴对通过量子隧道效应复合的概率增加,同时,活性氧化物种O₂-和·OH相互消耗,抑制了光催化效率.      

A model of 90Sr distribution in the sea near Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant in China

The impact on the environment ofradionuclide release from nuclear power plants has attracted increased attention, especially after the accident at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Japan. Based on the mechanisms of adsorption/desorption at solid/liquid interfaces and a surface micromorphology model of sediments, a theoretical expression of the distribution coefficient Kd is derived. This coefficient has significant effects on the distribution of radionuclide in seawater, suspended sediment and seabed sediment. Kd is then used to simulate ^90Sr transport in the sea near the Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant. The simulation results are compared with field measurements of tidal level, current velocity, suspended sediment concentration and ^90Sr concentrations in the same period. Overall, the simulated results agree well with the field measured data. Thus, the derived expression for Ka is capable of interpreting realistic adsorption/desorption processes. What＇s more, conclusion is drawn that about 40% ^90Sr released by Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant will be adsorbed by suspended sediment and 20% by seabed sediment, only about 40% ^90St will remain in the sea near Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant in South China Sea.     

昆山市生态系统服务价值变化研究

在Constanza的生态系统服务价值理论的基础上,计算了1994－2002年昆山市生态系统服务价值的变化。建设用地对耕地和水域面积的占用,引起了昆山市的生态系统服务价值逐渐下降： 9年间生态系统服务价值（ESV）总量下降了8.9%,人均占有量（Ave(ESV)）下降了13.0%。各种土地利用方式的生态系统服务价值的弹性系数都小于1。水域面积的变化则对生态系统服务价值变化起到放大作用。耕地面积的变化主要是影响昆山市的粮食安全问题,而水域的变化则在更大程度上影响生态系统服务功能方面。     

青海省东部农业区参考作物蒸散量的变化及对气象因子的敏感性分析

使用FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith公式计算了青海省东部农业区7个气象代表站的逐日参考作物蒸散量(ET₀),运用多窗谱方法(MTM)对青海省东部代表站的ET₀的变化周期进行了分析,同时,分析了影响ET₀的主要气象要素的变化趋势,运用基于偏导数的敏感系数法分析了生长季ET₀对气温、日照时数、相对湿度、风速的敏感性,结果表明,青海省东部农业区的7个站点有比较一致的19.23~22.22 a的周期;整个东部农业区的气温(最高温度、最低温度、平均温度)呈明显的上升趋势,日照时数、风速、相对湿度则随纬度的变化而趋势不同,北纬36°以南的两个站日照时数、风速均有增加的趋势,相对湿度则减小,以北的5个站则呈相反的变化;ET₀对日照时数最为敏感,其次是气温、相对湿度和风速;敏感系数在整个生长季随气象因子的变化而变化,日照时数敏感系数呈波动状,最大值出现在4月,最小值出现在9月,气温敏感系数呈现单峰型变化,最大值出现在7月,风速敏感系数则呈单谷型变化,最小值出现在7月。     

Adsorption and movement of carbaryl in soils: A verification of cosolvent theory and comparison of batch equilibrium and soil thin layer chromatography results

Batch equilibrium and soil thin layer chromatography (TLC) techniques were used to investigate the influence of different volume fractions of organic cosolvents (acetone and methanol) on the adsorption and movement of carbaryl in four different types of Indian soils. L-shaped isotherms were obtained for both the cosolvent–water mixtures at all f _s values and were in close agreement with the Freundlich equation. Higher adsorption was observed on F.R.I. soil (FSL) followed by Alampur soil (ASL), Kalai soil (KL), and Bhoran soil (BSL) at all f _s values for both the cosolvent systems as was anticipated from the K and K _D values. The K and K _D values also confirmed that carbaryl adsorption was higher in methanol–water mixture than acetone–water mixture and decreased with increasing f _s values. The frontal R _f values obtained from soil TLC studies were inversely proportional to the K and K _D values for both the cosolvent systems. The higher K and K _D values and lower R _f values in methanol–water mixtures relative to acetone–water mixtures for all the soils indicated that acetone had a greater potential for ground water contamination compared to methanol. The adsorption data were used to evaluate the cosolvent theory for describing adsorption of carbaryl in acetone–water and methanol–water mixtures. The aqueous phase partition coefficients, K _DW (mol g^?1), normalized with respect to f _oc for carbaryl was evaluated by extrapolating f _s → 0.     

Electrochemical degradation of Acid Red I dye and its treatment by UV light

Degradation of Acid Red I (ARI) dye by electrochemical treatment and UV light irradiation was studied in this work. The effect of the current density and the concentration of NaCl and dye on the decoloration and degradation efficiency were studied and optimized. The UV irradiation was monitored by UV-Vis spectrophotometry and chemical oxygen demand. The kinetic constants for decoloration and degradation were calculated. Degradation of 86% was achieved in 160?min and the first-order kinetic constant was 0.013?min^?1. Degradation products were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The mechanism for the degradation of ARI was proposed.