石化企业综合防雷技术探讨

分析了石化企业当前防雷工程中存在的问题,结合先进的防雷技术与产品,对防雷接地系统与接地、工程电子信号系统的防护提出一些改进意见。     

新中国70年生态环境建设发展的艰难历程与辉煌成就

中国的生态环境建设,经历了新中国建立之初生产力低下的农耕文明、改革开放后的工业文明、迈向生态文明的三大阶段,每个阶段都有自身的特质、挑战、应对和成效。从1949年到改革开放前,中国整体上表现为农耕文明特征,自然灾害频发、粮食生产短缺、城市化水平低下。为了跳出"马尔萨斯陷阱",新中国的缔造者带领人民治理水患,兴修水利,拓荒垦殖,问题得到缓解但没有得到解决,贫困落后依然,没能彻底摆脱"马尔萨斯魔咒"。改革开放后,工业化快速推进,城市化加速发展,使农民得以从土地中解放出来,极大地提升了劳动生产力;同时也使土地得以从农民手中部分释放出来,不仅大幅提升了土地资源价值,也使土地得以休养生息自我生态修复。虽然快速的工业化、城市化进程大幅提升了生产力、积累了巨量的物质财富,但是进入21世纪以来,中国的发展逼近工业文明的生态红线、环境底线和资源上线,可持续发展挑战不断凸显。2010年后,中国全面启动生态保护、污染控制和资源节约的转型发展进程,高质量、大力度建设生态文明,推进人与自然的和谐 发展。     

Health impact and noise exposure assessment in the cricket bat industry of Kashmir,India

Aim. The aim of the present study was to identify and evaluate predominant noise sources in the cricket bat industry of Kashmir, India. Methods. Sound levels were measured at operator’s ear level in the working zone of the workers of seven cricket bat factories. The impact assessment was made through personal interviews with each worker separately during their period of rest. Results. On average, 62.5% of the workers reported difficulty in hearing and 24.1% of the workers have become patients for hypertension. Only 58.1% of the workers complained of headache due to high noise level. Conclusions. The workers engaged in the cricket bat industry of Kashmir are exposed to high noise levels. It is suggested that personal protective equipment like ear plugs and ear muffs be used by these workers as a protection against this hazard.     

Protection from psychosocial risks at work under the European Convention on Human Rights: is it possible?

This paper argues the possibility of establishing common principles of protection from psychosocial risks (PSR) on the basis of the legal positions of the European Court of Human Rights (the Court) expressed in recent cases on degrading treatment and occupational health. The author focuses on the positive obligations of the States to ensure the protection of the right for life and of the right to respect for private life. The prohibition of degrading treatment in relations between private persons is also considered as relevant to the issue of the protection from PSR. Analyzing the Court's case law (judgments of the Court) we substantiate the possibility of claiming protection from PSR under the European Convention on Human Rights, namely, articles 2, 3 and 6, 8.     

A fuzzy logic and probabilistic hybrid approach to quantify the uncertainty in layer of protection analysis

Layer of protection analysis (LOPA) is a widely used semi-quantitative risk assessment method. It provides a simplified and less precise method to assess the effectiveness of protection layers and the residual risk of an incident scenario. The outcome failure frequency and consequence of that residual risk are intended to be conservative by prudently selecting input data, given that design specification and component manufacturer's data are often overly optimistic. There are many influencing factors, including design deficiencies, lack of layer independence, availability, human factors, wear by testing and maintenance shortcomings, which are not quantified and are dependent on type of process and location. This makes the risk in LOPA usually overestimated. Therefore, to make decisions for a cost-effective system, different sources and types of uncertainty in the LOPA model need to be identified and quantified. In this study, a fuzzy logic and probabilistic hybrid approach was developed to determine the mean and to quantify the uncertainty of frequency of an initiating event and the probabilities of failure on demand (PFD) of independent protection layers (IPLs). It is based on the available data and expert judgment. The method was applied to a distillation system with a capacity to distill 40 tons of flammable n-hexane. The outcome risk of the new method has been proven to be more precise compared to results from the conventional LOPA approach.     

新时代中国生态环境保护的成绩、经验与新要求

目前,生态环境保护正在发生历史性、转折性、全局性变化。2018年5月18—19日在京召开的全国生态环境保护大会,是十九大后在全国形成强大生态文明共识基础上全党和全国的生态环境保护大会。其成功召开,将开启新时代生态环境保护工作的新阶段。本文梳理总结了新时代中国生态环境保护的总体实效和经验,深入剖析了新时代中国深化生态环境保护工作的总体要求,对在新时代的新阶段开展生态环境保护工作的原则、内容、方法等做出了理论阐释和系统说明。     

难熔金属表面高温防护涂层研究进展与技术展望

回顾了难熔金属五大高温防护涂层体系的发展现状,即生成保护性氧化膜的金属间化合物涂层、贵金属涂层、生成保护性氧化膜的合金涂层、惰性氧化物陶瓷涂层以及玻璃陶瓷基复合涂层,总结了这些涂层的高温防护机理、制备方法以及失效机制。基于单一的传统高温防护涂层体系已经难以满足新一代高比冲姿、轨控火箭发动机以及高超声速飞行器热端部件对高温防护涂层提出的抗超高温氧化性能、优良的抗热震性能、良好的抗热冲刷(烧蚀)性能以及长服役寿命等性能需求的现状,简要介绍了过渡族金属的硼化物、碳化物等几种潜在的新型高温防护涂层材料体系,以及相应的涂层制备方法,这些新型涂层体系的发展有望满足现代宇航工业难熔金属热端部件的高温防护需求。     

基于CREP的国家环境质量改善工程规划与管理:以《大气污染防治行动计划》为例

重大环保工程管理是我国国家环境保护规划制度的重要组成和实施基础。对国家重大环保工程管理的演变和模式特征进行回顾,认为基于CREP的环境质量工程管理模式是适应国家环境质量管理转型的新模式,主要包括环境容量下的削减规模确定、给定削减规模的工程方案设计、基于减排工程的环境质量和健康效果评估、支撑减排和环境质量改善的配套政策等管理模块。最后,以《大气污染防治行动计划》为例,证明了基于CREP的环境质量工程管理模式的可行性和有效性。     

推动土壤污染修复产业可持续发展的思考

土壤污染修复产业是环保产业新一轮发展的重点,其市场规模在未来可能是千亿级或万亿级。我国土壤污染修复产业发展面临要素支撑能力不强、配套基础条件薄弱和环境监管基础能力不足三大难题。需要从强化土壤污染修复人才的引进、储备和培养,以科技创新能力提升支撑土壤污染修复产业的发展,拓展投融资渠道、夯实土壤污染修复产业发展的资金保障三方面入手加强土壤污染修复产业的要素支撑能力建设;培育和壮大土壤污染修复产业集群,推进污染土壤污染修复环境管理与工程示范;完善土壤污染修复产业配套基础条件;加强环境监管能力建设,完善土壤环境管理体系,提升项目管理水平。     

关于尾矿库的建设与环境保护问题的思考

尾矿库是矿山企业最大的环境保护工程项目,但是如不加以合理合法的规范建设与保护,将会引起一系列的环境问题。分析了葫芦岛市尾矿的产生及贮存情况、尾矿库的现状及存在的问题,提出了有关环境保护方面的建议。