基于JACK的机务人员上肢职业性损伤的仿真与评估

为客观评价机务人员上肢职业性肌肉骨骼损伤风险,选取作业姿势、肌肉负载和暴露时间作为评估工作过程中机务人员肌肉骨骼损伤的指标,结合工效学和仿真技术,建立机务维修中肌肉骨骼损伤风险仿真评价方法,定量评估工作过程中机务人员肌肉骨骼损伤程度。采用动素理论分解A330飞机六号肋改装作业任务,对作业人员、工作场景、维修动作进行建模,使用JACK软件中的人因分析工具(TAT)分别对选取指标进行分析评估。研究结果表明：在六号肋改装作业中,机务人员存在严重的上肢职业性肌肉骨骼损伤的隐患,此研究方法可客观高效评估机务人员上肢职业性肌肉骨骼损伤的程度。     

Comparisons of ergonomic evaluation tools (ALLA,RULA, REBA and OWAS) for farm work

Introduction. The purpose of this study was to validate the agricultural lower limb assessment (ALLA) ergonomic checklist, which was developed for various agricultural tasks in Korea. Methods. One hundred and ninety-six working postures were selected from the real agricultural tasks to verify ALLA, a lower limb body posture assessment tool, and then evaluated by 16 ergonomic experts. Hit rate, quadratic weighted κ, one-way analysis of variance and t-test analyses were applied to compare ALLA with other assessment tools. Results. ALLA analysis had a superior hit rate with ergonomic expert assessment compared with other assessment tools. Quadratic weighted κ analysis also showed that ALLA provided superior estimates of risk levels for farm working postures. Discussion. ALLA would be an appropriate assessment tool to estimate risk factors for various lower limb body postures which frequently occur in agricultural tasks in Korea. ALLA is a simple and accurate risk assessment tool that could be usefully applied to identify and mitigate risk factors and work-related musculoskeletal disorders in agricultural tasks, and also to evaluate the effects of control and intervention for working conditions.     

Does chorionic villus sampling compromise fetal umbilical blood flow?

A possible association of limb reduction defects with chorionic villus sampling (CVS) may be related to compromised umbilical blood flow from the trauma of the procedure. We hypothesized that because CVS may disrupt or compromise umbilical blood flow to the fetus, either by vasoconstriction, bradycardia, or emboli, we would detect these changes using Doppler velocimetry. A cohort of 21 consecutive consenting patients undergoing first-trimester elective CVS for prenatal diagnosis were entered into a prospective longitudinal study. Colour flow Doppler velocimetry was performed on fetal umbilical arterial blood flow immediately before and after CVS to measure the pulsatility index, fetal heart rate, per cent flow time, and maximum flow velocity. Measurements were obtained from three consecutive cardiac cycles in three different umbilical segments and averaged. Potentially confounding variables also recorded included gestational age, method of CVS, number of passes, number of aspirations, placental location, tissue sample size, and operator. Umbilical velocimetry values before and after CVS were compared using the paired t-test and showed no statistically significant differences. No differences were found when data were analysed by gestational age, sample size, method, number of aspirations, placental location, or operator. We were unable to detect any significant change in fetal umbilical arterial blood flow velocimetry or heart rate after performing CVS. Umbilical blood flow does not appear to be routinely compromised by CVS.     

Umbilical artery velocity waveforms before and after chorionic villus sampling

Because a vascular aetiology has been suggested for the limb and oromandibular defects described after chorionic villus sampling (CVS), to determine whether transabdominal (TA) CVS causes noticeable changes in umbilical artery velocity waveforms in first-trimester pregnancies, the pulsatility index (PI) of the umbilical artery was evaluated before and after TA-CVS in 175 pregnancies sampled between 10·0 and 13·0 weeks' gestation. In 139 uncomplicated pregnancies, the mean PI values (with 95 per cent confidence interval) were before TA-CVS 2·751 (2·692–2·809), after 10 min 2·723 (2·697–2·809), and after 1 h 2·781 (2·722–2·840). There were no significant changes in PI relative to the CVS procedure either in pregnancies with an abnormal result or in those ending in spontaneous abortion. Our data do not support any statistically significant change in umbilical artery PI relative to TA-CVS in first-trimester pregnancies. This procedure, despite its invasive character, does not appear to affect the feto-placental circulation.     

Evaluation of prenatal diagnosis of limb reduction defects by a registry of congenital anomalies

Prenatal diagnosis performed by ultrasound scan is now a routine part of antenatal care in our region. How many fetal anomalies are actually detected by this procedure? We have used our registry of congenital malformations to answer this question regarding limb reduction defects (LRDs). The mean time of detection of LRDs was 26 weeks of pregnancy (range 16–32 weeks). The sensitivity of prenatal diagnosis of LRDs by ultrasonographic examination was much lower for isolated malformations (fetuses with only one anomaly) than for multiply malformed children with LRDs, 4·0 and 18·2 per cent, respectively. For all cases of LRDs, the percentage of prenatal detection was 11·5. Termination of pregnancy was performed in 6·7 per cent of the cases.     

Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS): prenatal and autopsy findings

Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS) is a multisystem disorder characterized by somatic defects and mental retardation. Prenatal diagnosis of this severe condition is difficult in view of the non-specific ultrasound abnormalities. We report three cases with prenatally suspected CdLS based on the ultrasound findings as well as low PAPP-A detected on first trimester screening in one case, and the results of the autopsy and the NIPBL gene mutation analysis. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

飞机维修活动中的快速上肢评价

维修是保证飞机能够正常、安全飞行的一个重要环节 ,而好的工作姿势可以确保维修人员高效、快捷、安全的完成维修任务。在维修活动中以上肢动作居多 ,因此 ,笔者主要介绍了一种在国外比较通行的工效评价方法———快速上肢评价 (RULA)。该方法可以用来快速识别工作中可能出现的上肢不利姿势 ,以避免发生上肢损伤。同时笔者还编制了相应的评价软件 ,使得评价工作变得更加方便、快捷 ,并利用该软件对飞机维修任务进行了实例评价。     

Arm and Leg Girths of Industrial Workers During a Workday

The aim of this study was to characterize changes in the limb perimeters of workers in various widespread occupations in Estonian industry. Investigations were carried out using special measuring instruments designed at Tallinn Technical University. The subjects under investigation consisted of 202 workers: garment workers, tailoring cutters, shoe factory operators, weavers, press operators, fitters, and drivers.

Investigations in the workshops showed that during the initial part of a work-shift perimeters often decreased. By the end of the shift, girths increased markedly (up to 1.6%), depending on the properties of the external load. There are many reasons for this change, with fatigue often playing an important role.

The exact measurement of the girths of human limbs is of great importance for collecting information in the field of ergonomics. It is possible to find effective preventive measures against fatigue and occupational diseases.