中国降水酸度预测模型

利用逐步多元线性回归方法建立了中国降水酸度预测模型。该模型包括：大气中二氧化硫、氮氧化物和总悬浮颗粒物的浓度、单位面积二氧化硫排放量这四个时间和空间变量;地理位置横向坐标、降雨量和辐射强度这三个空间变量。该模型通过回顾检验具有较好的预测精度并在假设未来中国环境状况的基础上,对降水酸度的分布进行了预测。该模型是在地理信息系统工具软件ARC/INFO支持下运行的,其预测方法及结果具有空间特性。     

城市消防规划中线性优化模型的探讨

目前,城市消防规划中普遍存在不考虑项目评估和建设投资优化的问题,造成规划与实际不符,有限投资不能取得最大减灾防灾效益。笔者提出以对规划建设项目进行综合评估为基础,合理确定各项目的建设量以使规划建设总体效益达到最大和以保证各类项目建设比例符合规划要求为基础;合理确定各项目的建设量,以使建设投资最少的两类线性优化模型;并结合具体规划实例,论述了后一种模型在城市消防规划中的应用。探讨目的在于为合理制定城市公共消防设施规划提供科学的决策方法,并为城市消防规划提供新的理论研究方向。     

A simple method for partitioning total solar radiation into diffuse/direct components in the United States

Solar radiation is a major sustainable and clean energy resource, and use of solar radiation is expected to increase. The utilization efficiency of solar energy varies with the relative proportions of the direct and diffuse components that compose total solar radiation and with the slope and aspect of the irradiated surface. The purpose of this paper is to develop a simple method for estimating diffuse and direct solar radiation at sites with observation of only total solar radiation. An existing model for estimating diffuse radiation, i.e., a linear relationship between the diffuse fraction (the ratio of diffuse radiation to total solar radiation) and the clearness index (the ratio of total solar radiation to extraterrestrial radiation), is applied to 7 sites across the continental United States with observations of diffuse and total radiation. The linear model shows good monthly performance. The model parameters (slope and interception) show a strong seasonal pattern that exhibits small variation across the 7 sites; therefore, the average values of the two monthly parameters may be used for estimating diffuse radiation for other locations with observations of total radiation.     

Aggressive driving: a survey of attitudes, opinions and behaviors

INTRODUCTION: Aggressive driving encompasses a continuum of behaviors that range from extreme acts, such as shootings, to less severe manifestations, such as arguments and gestures. It is clear from the available data that aggressive driving is not uncommon and very risky. However, little is known about the opinions and practices of drivers. The purpose of this study was to help bridge these gaps. METHODS: The data were gathered by means of a public opinion poll among a representative sample of 1,201 Canadian drivers. Univariate frequency distributions and 95% confidence intervals were calculated and logistic regression and generalized linear latent models were used to summarize the data. RESULTS: It was found that the issue of aggressive driving is a significant one as a considerable percentage of drivers admits to it. The results coming from the logistic regression and the generalized linear latent model suggest that male and younger drivers are more likely to behave aggressively in traffic and that behaving more aggressively is associated with a history of traffic tickets. DISCUSSION: When gauging people's attitudes, opinions, and behaviors, it becomes clear that aggressive driving is a considerable problem. There also seems to be a need for a better understanding of which specific behaviors respondents associate with the generic term "aggressive driving." IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Results from this study further emphasize the need of increasing the aggressive driving knowledge base.     

环境空气背景值中PM2．5和PM10的相关性分析

四川省大气背景站颗粒物PM2．5和PM10实时监测结果表明,两个点位的PM2．5浓度占PM10浓度分别为80．15％、68．9％,两个点位的PM2．j浓度和PM10浓度均呈显著线性关系,点位1：y=0．8634x-0．2212,R^2=0．9823;点位2：y=0．7352x-0．2142,R^2=0．7767。     

华北地区汽车拥有量与CO2排放量关系研究

研究了华北地区5省（市、自治区）汽车拥有量和人均CO2排放量现状.采用变异系数分析方法对汽车拥有量和入均CO2排放量各地区差异大小变化趋势进行了分析,采用一元线性回归模型对华北地区未来10年汽车拥有量和人均CO2排放趋势及其地区差异大小变化趋势进行了预测,提出了相关建议,以期为该地区乃至全国经济和环境的和谐发展提供参考.     

地表水环境质量灰关联评价方法探讨

针对当前灰关联评价法的不足 ,采用线性内插的方法进行了改进 ,提高了分辨率 ,在此基础上 ,以马颊河为例 ,对其 1 986～1 998年间的水环境监测数据进行了评价 ,得到了较为可靠且可比的结果。     

Microenvironmental time-activity patterns in Chongqing, China

An investigation using recall questionnaires was conducted in winter and autumn 2006 to evaluate the time-activity patterns in Chongqing, China. The average time spent in seven microenvironments (MEs) including outdoors, transit, living room, bedroom, kitchen, classroom/office, and other indoors were found to be about 3.5, 1.1, 2.5, 9.7, 1.4, 4.2, and 1.7 h per day, respectively. According to the results of a nonparametric test, the sampling period and day of week were significant for the variation of the time spent in all MEs except for transit and outdoors. The time budget was analyzed using a general linear model (GLM), which exhibited significant variability by demographic factors such as gender, age, residence, education, and household income.     

不同生长期和磷浓度下砷酸盐对铜绿微囊藻生长及砷吸收的影响

为了查明As(V)对不同生长期铜绿微囊藻生长和砷吸收的影响,分别在铜绿微囊藻的不同生长期,在低磷(0.02 mg·L~(-1))、中磷(0.1mg·L~(-1))和高磷(0.5 mg·L~(-1))水平,以及不同As(V)浓度下开展全因子室内模拟实验.结果表明,延缓期时,3个磷浓度下,As(V)添加均显著促进藻的生长,与对照组(CK)相比,平均生长速率(μ2d,下同)增长21.49%~32.23%,但不同砷处理浓度之间无显著性差异;同一砷浓度处理时,磷浓度梯度变化对藻的生长也无显著性影响.指数增长期时,As(V)添加均显著抑制藻的生长,其中,低磷浓度条件下的抑制作用最强,与CK相比,μ2d降低42.35%~106.30%,且随砷浓度升高呈线性下降,而中磷和高磷浓度下砷处理浓度之间无显著性差异.稳定期时,砷处理对藻的生长影响表现为逐渐升高的抑制作用(负生长速率值),其中,中磷浓度条件下抑制效应最高,与CK相比,μ2d降低1387%~3181%,高磷浓度条件下抑制效应最低,μ2d降低15.53%~378.00%.指数增长期和稳定期胞内砷含量结果表明,低磷浓度下不同生长期As(V)添加均显著促进藻细胞对砷的吸收,胞内砷含量大致随砷处理浓度增加而线性增长,而中磷和高磷浓度时藻细胞吸收砷的效应显著减弱,在指数增长期时则基本无效应,即磷对藻吸收砷具有显著的抑制作用.中磷和高磷浓度下,处于延缓期的铜绿微囊藻胞内砷含量高于处于指数增长期胞内砷含量,反映了藻类爆发时对砷的快速代谢外排特征.本研究成果可为认识砷污染与湖泊富营养化之间的相互作用提供科学基础.     

两株直链烷基苯磺酸钠共代谢降解菌株的分离、鉴定和降解特性研究

自深圳某污水处理厂曝气池和二沉池的污泥中分离得到2株通过共代谢机制降解直链烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)的细菌L-2和L-15。通过生理生化和16S rRNA基因序列分析,初步鉴定细菌L-2和L-15分别为Klebsiella sp.和Enterobacter sp.。研究表明:L-2和L-15以LAS作为唯一碳源时,对其降解率仅有1.1%和5.9%。当添加葡萄糖作生长基质,L-2在温度30℃,p H=7.5,m(葡萄糖)∶m(LAS)为20∶1的条件下,对50 mg/L的LAS的降解率可达94.2%;L-15在温度30℃,p H=7.5,m(葡萄糖)∶m(LAS)为16∶1的条件下,对50 mg/L的LAS的降解率可达92.2%。试验结果说明,筛选得到的2株细菌在共代谢的作用下,可以有效地实现废水中LAS降解。