Role of GSH in the amelioration of chromium-induced membrane damage

Membrane damage is one of the important consequences of chromium (Cr), an environmental toxicant, induced cytotoxicity. Reduced glutathione (GSH), a membrane protectant may be used to reduce the Cr-induced membrane damage. In the present study, the impact of Cr in presence and absence of GSH was studied on plasma membrane of the liver and kidneys in male Wistar rats. Significant increases in membrane cholesterol levels as well as significant decreases in membrane phospholipid levels in Cr exposed (0.8 mg per 100 g body weight, i.p., for 28 days) animals suggest structural alterations in both the liver and kidney plasma membranes. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total ATPase, and Na⁺–K⁺–ATPase activities of plasma membrane were significantly decreased in both the liver and kidneys after Cr treatment. This treatment also produced significant weight loss and increased Cr content in the liver and kidneys. However, GSH (8 mg per 100g body weight, i.p., daily at an interval of 6 h after injection of Cr for a period of 28 days) supplementation restored alterations induced by Cr in plasma membrane of both the liver and kidneys but was not able to eliminate the deposited Cr from the liver and kidney tissues.     

Determination of F2-isoprostanes in cultured human lung epithelial cells after exposure to metal oxide and silica nanoparticles by high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

The environmental impact of nanotechnology has caused a great concern. Many in vitro studies showed that many types of nanoparticles were cytotoxic. However, whether these nanoparticles caused cell membrane damage was not well studied. F₂-isoprostanes are specific products of arachidonic acid peroxidation by nonenzymatic reactive oxygen species and are considered as reliable biomarkers of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. In this article, we investigated the cytotoxicity of different nanoparticles and the degree of cellular membrane damage by using F₂-isoprostanes as biomarkers after exposure to nanoparticles. The human lung epithelial cell line A549 was exposed to four silica and metal oxide nanoparticles: SiO₂ (15 nm), CeO₂ (20 nm), Fe₂O₃ (30 nm), and ZnO (70 nm). The levels of F₂-isoprostanes were determined by using high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The F₂-isoprostanes’ peak was identified by retention time and molecular ion m/z at 353. Oasis HLB cartridge was used to extract F₂-isoprostanes from cell medium. The results showed that SiO₂, CeO₂, and ZnO nanoparticles increased F₂-isoprostanes levels significantly in A549 cells. Fe₂O₃ nanoparticle also increased F₂-isoprostanes level, but was not significant. This implied that SiO₂, CeO₂, ZnO, and Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles can cause cell membrane damage due to the lipid peroxidation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the investigation of effects of cellular exposure to metal oxide and silica nanoparticles on the cellular F₂-isoprostanes levels.     

Determination of cobalt by air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction

Abstract

A rapid and selective technique for extraction, preconcentration and determination of trace amounts of cobalt in water and pharmaceutical samples by air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction combined with flame atomic absorption spectrometry is proposed. 1-Nitroso-2-naphthol is used as a complexing agent and 1-octanol as an extraction solvent. Parameters relevant for analytical effectivity, i.e. pH of sample solution, concentration of complexing agent, volume of extraction solvent, and number of extraction cycles are optimized using a Box–Behnken design. At optimum conditions, a dynamic linear range of 5–600?µg L^?1 is obtained, with a limit of detection of 1.2?µg L^?1. The method is used for determination of Co(II) in environmental water and pharmaceutical samples.     

Rapid liquid chromatographic analysis of Metoclopramide in pharmaceutical preparations

A sensitive, accurate and reproducible method for the analysis of metoclopramide, a gastrointestinal drug, has been described. An isocratic HPLC elution method was employed which requires about 10 minutes to be performed. The concentration of metoclopramide hydrochloride preparations was found to be 95.1 ±0.3% and 94.21 ±0.25% in tablet and injection formulations, respectively.     

膜生物反应器中EPS的提取方法

以一体式膜生物反应器(MBR)中的活性污泥为对象,以蛋白质、多糖和核酸的提取量作为污泥中附着性胞外聚合物(B-EPS)提取总量的衡量指标,研究了加热法、超声法、NaOH+甲醛法、高速离心法、蒸汽法、硫酸法等6种不同方法对B-EPS提取的最优条件;并在最优提取条件下对B-EPS提取总量进行比较分析,确定最佳B-EPS提取方法。结果表明:超声提取法、高速离心提取法、蒸汽提取法、硫酸提取法对B-EPS的提取总量较低;NaOH+甲醛法对B-EPS的提取总量虽然较高,但易导致测定出现误差,且抽滤时有结晶,影响操作;加热法对B-EPS提取效果较好,对细胞破坏程度小,且操作过程简单。因此,确定加热法为B-EPS的最佳提取方法。     

液氮冻融破碎生物污泥制备生物絮凝剂

利用城市剩余生物污泥,采用液氮冻融破碎、提取液提取的方法制备了生物污泥絮凝剂。对絮凝剂的制备条件及其絮凝性能进行了研究,结果表明:采用液氮冻融破碎,pH为1.0的稀盐酸溶液作为提取液提取所制备的絮凝剂,对高岭土悬浮液的絮凝效率可达98.5%。液氮冻融破碎的次数对絮凝剂制备没有明显影响。同时考察了絮凝剂投加量以及絮凝体系的pH对絮凝剂絮凝活性的影响。     

离子液体氯化1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑对酵母细胞增殖生长和细胞膜通透性的影响

为探讨咪唑类离子液体氯化1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑([C₈mim][Cl])对酵母细胞的增殖生长和细胞膜通透性的影响,以不同浓度的[C₈mim][Cl]处理酵母细胞,研究离子液体对酵母细胞增殖和菌落形成的影响,通过测定酵母细胞外液蛋白质和核酸的含量,判断膜通透性的大小和[C₈mim][Cl]对细胞膜性结构的损伤。结果显示,0.1 mmol·L^-1的[C₈mim][Cl]延长了酵母细胞到达对数生长期的时间,在6～9 h之间对酵母细胞的增殖存在明显的抑制作用。1 mmol·L^-1的[C₈mim][Cl]使酵母细胞增殖不能到达对数生长期,对酵母细胞的增殖一直具有较强的抑制作用。随着离子液体浓度的增加,小菌落的数量增多。当平板内[C₈mim][Cl]浓度达到10 mmol·L^-1时,完全抑制了菌落的形成。[C₈mim][Cl]处理酵母细胞后,细胞外液中OD₂₈₀、OD₂₆₀的值显著升高。研究表明,细胞膜等膜性结构通透性的增加是离子液体[C₈mim][Cl]抑制酵母细胞增殖生长的原因之一。     

乳状液膜法治理H酸生产废水的研究

研究了以三辛胺(TOA)为流动载体的乳状液膜法提取对H酸的最优膜配方及工艺条件,并以实际工业废水进行验证。考察了膜相表面活性剂浓度、载体浓度、外水相pH值、乳水比、内水相浓度对水中COD值去除的影响。通过正交试验,结果表明:以质量分数为3%的聚胺型表面活性剂,体积分数为4%的TOA,质量分数10%的内水相NaOH溶液,油内比Roi为2∶1的乳状液膜体系,处理初始浓度为50 000 mg/L H酸废水,在pH值为3,乳水比Rew为1∶5的传质条件下,对含H酸废水的COD去除率可达90%以上。     

静电纺PA6/PET复合膜的制备及其空气过滤性能

主要研究静电纺纳米/微米纤维复合膜(PA6/PET)的制备及其空气过滤性能,电纺了几种不同密集度的复合膜,研究了其对氯化钠粒子在特定条件下的过滤能力,进行了加载过滤测试,并通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对过滤前后纤维膜的表面形态进行观察.结果表明,对于多分散的NaCl粒子来说,过滤材料的过滤效率随着过滤时间的增加而增加.当增大过滤粒子流量时,过滤阻力与流量呈现线性增长关系,但是过滤效率变化不大.本实验中复合膜的最低过滤效率为99.990%.     

中空纤维膜辅助离子液体液相微萃取-高效液相色谱法测定环境水体中的水杨酸

分别以l-辛基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸离子液体([C8MIM][PF6])和三辛基氧化膦(TOPO)作为萃取剂与辅助萃取剂,建立了中空纤维膜辅助的两相液液微萃取-高效液相色谱测定环境水体中水杨酸(Salicylicacid,SA)的新方法.通过对中空纤维膜种类、萃取剂、供体相体积、供体相pH、离子强度和萃取时间相关参数进行优化,获得了较高的富集倍数(1653倍).方法的检出限为0.1μg.L-1,线性范围为0.5—1000μg.L-1.方法对实际样品的加标回收率为89.6%—102.4%,可应用于环境水体中痕量SA的测定.