~(60)Co、~(85)Sr和~(134)Cs在非饱和黄土中迁移特征研究

经过2年的野外核素示踪试验、实验室柱试验、批实验以及数值模拟，获得^60Co、^85Sr和^134Cs在非饱和黄土中迁移特征如下：（1）非饱和黄土上述核素具有很强的吸附作用，经2年的试验，^85Sr的浓度峰位在天然条件下迁移不到2cm，喷淋条件下迁移13cm；^60Co和^134Cs在天然和喷淋条件下迁移甚微。（2）^85Sr在喷淋条件下迁移出现两个浓度峰。（3）^60Co、^85Sr和^134Cs迁移“快成份”在环境的安全评价中不容忽视。（4）在含水量和入渗水量很低时，扩散对核素迁移起主导作用。(5)水入渗量对^85Sr迁移速度和横向扩散无明显影响。（6）静态法测定的Kd值比野外求得的值大。（7）核素在非饱和黄土中的延迟系数Rd不是常数。     

开发区环境影响评价中产业结构、工业布局问题探讨

通过对各工业行业污染源调查数据分析，讨论了各行业污染轻重及特征，以及各行业内部的产业结构及污染情况，提出促进开发区的经济可持续发展和产业链循环经济发展的措施。     

Element cycling in the dominant plant community in the Alpine tundra zone of Changbai Mountains, China

Element cycling in the dominant plant communities including Rh. aureum, Rh. redowskianum and Vaccinium uliginosum in the Alpine tundra zone of Changbai Mountains in northeast China was studied. The results indicate that the amount of elements from litter decomposition was less than that of the plant uptake from soil, but that from plant uptake was higher than that in soil with mineralization process released. On the other hand, in the open system including precipitation input and soil leaching output, because of great number of elements from precipitation into the open system, the element cycling(except N, P) in the Alpine tundra ecosystem was in a dynamic balance. In this study, it was also found that different organ of plants had significant difference in accumulating elements. Ca, Mg, P and N were accumulated more obviously in leaves, while Fe was in roots. The degree of concentration of elements in different tissues of the same organ of the plants also was different, a higher concentration of Ca, Mg, P and N in mesophyll than in nerve but Fe was in a reversed order. The phenomenon indicates ( 1 ) a variety of biochemical functions of different elements, (2) the elements in mesophyll were with a shorter turnover period than those in nerve or fibre, but higher utilization rate for plant. Therefore, this study implies the significance of keeping element dynamic balance in the alpine tundra ecosystem of Changbai Mountains.     

Infiltration and redistribution of LNAPL into unsaturated layered porous media

Enhanced understanding of light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) infiltration into heterogeneous porous media is important for the effective design of remediation strategies. We used a 2-D experimental facility that allows for visual observation of LNAPL contours in order to study LNAPL redistribution in a layered porous medium. The layers are situated in the unsaturated zone near the watertable and they are inclined to be able to observe the effect of discontinuities in capillary forces and relative permeabilities. Two experiments were performed. The first experiment consisted of LNAPL infiltration into a fine sand matrix with a coarse sand layer, and the second experiment consisted of a coarse sand matrix and a fine sand layer. The numerical multi-phase flow model STOMP was validated with regard to the experimental results. This model is able to adequately reproduce the experimental LNAPL contours. Numerical sensitivity analysis was also performed. The capillarity contrast between sands was found to be the main controlling factor determining the final LNAPL distribution.     

Assessment of interfacial mass transfer in water-unsaturated soils during vapor extraction

This paper presents results of a numerical investigation of soil vapor extraction (SVE) systems at the laboratory scale. The SVE technique is used to remove volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons (VCHC) from the water-unsaturated soil zone. The developed numerical model solves equations of flow, transport and interfacial mass transfer regarding an isothermal n-component and three-phase system. The mathematical model is based on a simple pore network and phase distribution model and designed to be scaled by a characteristic length. All mathematical expressions are structured into VCHC specific and VCHC non-specific parameters. Furthermore, indicators are introduced that help to separate thermodynamic equilibrium from thermodynamic non-equilibrium domains and to determine the controlling physical parameters. For numerical solution, the system of partial differential equations is discretized by a finite volume method and an implicit Euler time stepping scheme. Computational effort is reduced notably through techniques that enable spatial and temporal adaptivity, through a standard multigrid method as well as through a problem-oriented sparse-matrix storage concept. Computations are carried out in two dimensions regarding the laboratory experiment of Fischer et al. [Water Resour. Res. 32 (12) 1996 3413]. By varying the characteristic length scale of the pore network and phase distribution model, it is shown that the experimental gas phase concentrations cannot be explained only by the volatility and diffusivity of the VCHC. The computational results suggest a sorption process whose significance grows with the aqueous activity of the less or non-polar organic compounds.     

Natural attenuation/phytoremediation in the vadose zone of a former industrial sludge basin

The natural attenuation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the vadose zone of a naturally revegetated former industrial sludge basin (0.45 ha) was examined. This was accomplished by comparing the concentration of 16 PAH contaminants present in sludge collected below the root zone of plants with contaminants present at 3 shallower depths within the root zone. Chemical analysis of 240 samples from 60 cores showed the average concentration of total and individual PAHs in the 0-30 cm, 30-60 cm, and bottom of the root zone strata were approximately 10, 20, and 50%, respectively, of the 16, 800 ppm average total PAH concentration in deep non-rooted sludge. Statistically significant differences in average PAH concentrations were observed between each strata studied and the non-rooted sludge except for the concentrations of acenaphthene and chrysene present at the bottom of the root zone in comparison to sludge values. The rooting depth of the vegetation growing in the basin was dependent on both vegetation type and plant age. Average rooting depths for trees, forbs (herbaceous non-grasses), and grasses were 90, 60, and 50 cm, respectively. The deepest root systems observed (100-120 cm) were associated with the oldest (12-14 year-old) mulberry trees. Examination of root systems and PAH concentrations at numerous locations and depths within the basin indicated that plant roots and their microbially active rhizospheres fostered PAH disappearance; including water insoluble, low volatility compounds, i.e. benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(ghi)perylene. The reduced concentration of PAHs in the upper strata of this revegetated former sludge basin indicated that natural attenuation had occurred. This observation supports the concept that through appropriate planting and management practices (phytoremediation) it will be possible to accelerate, maximize, and sustain natural processes, whereby even the most recalcitrant PAH contaminants (i.e. benzo(a)pyrene) can be remediated over time.     

Unidirectional gas flow in soil porosity resulting from barometric pressure cycles

During numerical simulation of air flow in the vadose zone, it was noticed that a small sinusoidal pressure would cause a gradual one-way migration of the pore gas. This was found to be a physical phenomenon, not a numerical artifact of the finite element simulation. The one-way migration occurs because the atmospheric pressure, and hence the air density, is slightly greater when air is flowing into the ground than when air is flowing out of the ground. A simple analytic theory of the phenomenon is presented, together with analytic calculations using actual barometric pressure data. In soil of one Darcy permeability, the one-way migration is of the order of a few tenths of a meter per year for either plane flow from ground surface or for radial flow from an open borehole. The migration is sufficiently small that it will have no practical consequences in most circumstances; however, investigators who conduct detailed numerical modeling should recognize that this phenomenon is not a numerical artifact in an apparently linear system.     

中条山东段植被垂直带的数量分类研究

在野外调查的基础上,应用有序样方聚类法对中条山东段植 垂直带进行了数量分类研究,结果为：１．落叶阔叶林带,包括４个亚带：（１）侧柏林带（５００￣８００ｍ）,（２０松栎林带（８００￣１８００ｍ）,（３）栓皮林带（１４００￣２０００ｍ）和（４）杨桦林带（１９００￣２２００ｍ）;２．山地草甸带（２１００￣２３５８ｍ）。此外,与前人的划分结果进行了比较,结果表明,有序样方聚类法的结果更符合实际情况。     

考虑煤岩体成拱效应的工作面区段煤柱合理尺寸研究

为研究综采工作面面间煤柱留设宽度及加固范围,以陕西铜川玉华煤矿一采区为工程背景,首先建立采空区上覆岩土体自重荷载向煤柱传递的传力拱模型,通过求解传力拱模型,对采空区上覆岩土体荷载向煤柱的传递机理进行分析研究。再结合极限平衡理论与刚塑性理论,给出煤柱最小留设宽度与煤帮加固范围计算式。进一步对传力拱影响范围的各参数进行分析,结果表明:当开采宽度小于临界值,煤柱留设宽度随工作面埋深、工作面倾向长度增大而增大,随顶板材料黏聚力、内摩擦角的增大而减小;开采宽度超过临界值时,作用在煤柱上的荷载发生绕流现象。最后根据研究结果进行工程验证,巷道表面位移观测结果说明所设计的煤柱尺寸合理可靠。研究结果对类似开采条件下的区段煤柱宽度确定具有参考意义。     

硬岩竖井爆破损伤区探测及衬砌荷载*

为研究硬岩竖井受爆破开挖扰动的影响,依托米仓山公路隧道竖井工程,采用RSM-RCT（B）测试系统探测竖井爆破损伤区范围为1.1~1.4 m,并利用残余地质强度指标标定损伤区力学参数,将其纳入收敛约束法和数值分析中,以评估损伤区对竖井围岩及衬砌荷载的影响。研究结果表明,在硬岩竖井中开挖爆破是造成岩体损伤区的关键因素,地应力方向和大小对硬岩损伤区分布基本无影响。分析结果表明,爆破损伤区导致围岩变形增大,从而使得衬砌荷载增加,最大剪应力出现在损伤区与未破坏岩体之间的交界处,大小为16 MPa,同时靠近该位置的衬砌荷载也会变大,较深竖井可采用分区段支护,降低投资成本。研究结果可为硬岩竖井开挖荷载计算及设计优化提供一定参考。