<Emphasis Type="Bold">Chronodisruption and cancer</Emphasis>

Research into health effects of chronodisruption (CD), a relevant disturbance of the circadian organization of physiology, endocrinology, metabolism and behaviour, is evolving at a rapid pace. With regard to malignancies, our synthesis of key experiments indicates that CD can play a causal role for cancer growth and tumor progression in animals. Moreover, our meta-analyses of 30 epidemiological studies evince that flight personnel and shift workers exposed to chronodisruption may have increased breast and prostate cancer risks: summary relative risks (RRs) for investigations of flight personnel and of shift workers suggested a 70 and 40% increase in the risk of breast cancer, respectively, and excess relative risks of prostate cancer in nine studies in flight personnel (40%) and in two studies in male shift workers. There was a remarkable indication of homogeneity of results from the individual studies that contribute to the average statistics. However, in view of doubts about whether the differing assessments of CD can really be regarded as valid reflections of the same causative phenomenon and the lack of control of covariates in the majority of studies, it is premature to conclude that the risk observations reflect a real, rather than spurious, association with CD. The challenge for future epidemiological investigations of the biologically plausible links between chronodisruption and human cancers is to conduct studies which appreciate details of transmeridian travelling, of shift work and of covariates for the development of the diseases.     

LAND USE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING: AN APPLICATION IN THE SOUTH CAROLINA COASTAL ZONE1

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this paper is to describe a land use and environmental planning model. Map overlays were used for analyzing and aggregating economic, social, and environmental data. Various land use categories were evaluated using a numerical scoring system. These scores were then used to assist in the development of land use regulations in a coastal county in South Carolina.     

丹江口库区新生消落带不同土地利用酶活性比较

随着南水北调中线工程的建成,丹江口水库水位上涨形成了大量新生消落带,消落带生态环境变化对水库水质具有较大影响,土壤酶活性和土壤养分的改变在一定程度上能反映土壤生态环境的变化.基于此,以丹江口水库新生消落带为研究区域,选取库周从未经历淹没的区域作为对照,采用裂区试验设计方法,以样地类型（新生消落带和对照区）为主处理,以3种不同土地利用类型（林地、农田和草地）为副处理,研究了土壤酶（脲酶、转化酶、过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶）活性与土壤养分之间的关系.结果表明:①新生消落带土壤中w（TN）、w（NO₃--N）和w（OM）均显著低于对照区（P < 0.05）,而农田、草地的w（NH₄+-N）与林地的w（TP）显著高于对照区（P < 0.05）.②与对照区相比,新生消落带农田和草地的脲酶、转化酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性均降低,其中,农田和草地脲酶活性分别降低了79%和54%,而林地脲酶与过氧化氢酶显著增加,林地脲酶活性升高了133%,林地碱性磷酸酶与转化酶活性变化不显著.③不同土地利用类型的土壤理化性质对酶活性的影响不同,新生消落带农田土壤含水量、w（NH₄+-N）的升高及w（TN）、w（TP）、w（OM）的降低是导致酶活性降低的主要影响因素,新生消落带林地土壤pH、w（TP）、w（TN）对酶活性的增加有主要影响,新生消落带草地土壤含水量、w（NH₄+-N）、w（TN）、w（TP）、w（OM）对酶活性的降低有主要影响.研究显示,消落带林地在淹没期间能够吸附固定土壤及水体中的氮磷,水落后土壤酶活性的升高有利于土壤中养分的分解,减少氮磷对库区水体的污染.      

潏河冬季潜流带水交换对沉积物间隙水水质的影响

潜流带作为河流地表水-地下水系统相互作用的交汇区域带,是影响河水、间隙水与地下水水质的主要驱动力之一,对河流生态系统中的水文循环、污染物迁移转化等过程具有重要的意义.本研究采用基于一维热扩散对流方程的温度梯度法,于2016年12月对潏河研究河段21个测试点位进行了沉积物的野外原位垂向温度同步测试,并对其与沉积物间隙水中阴阳离子含量之间的关系进行了分析.结果表明:21个测试点位的潜流带水交换方式均为上升流,水交换量值变化范围较大,左右两岸水交换量值均大于河道中心水交换量值,影响其变化的主要因素是河床地形和沉积物粒径大小;Ca~(2+)、Na~+、Mg~(2+)、HCO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)在沉积物间隙水中的平均含量更接近于其在地下水中的平均含量,而K~+、NH_4~+和Cl~-在沉积物间隙水中的平均含量与其在地下水中的平均含量具有显著差异性;此外,沉积物间隙水中主要阴阳离子含量在河流横断面具有明显的横向空间变化特征,与河道中心相比,河道左右两岸沉积物间隙水中Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)和SO_4~(2-)含量均较高,而NH_4~+和Cl~-含量较低;采用Pearson相关分析和线性拟合方法发现,潜流带水交换量与沉积物间隙水中Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)和SO_4~(2-)含量呈正相关关系,与K~+、NH_4~+、Cl~-含量呈负相关关系,而与Na~+、HCO_3~-含量的相关性未通过检验,说明其不存在显著相关性.     

人类活动对三峡消落带土壤亚硝酸盐型甲烷厌氧氧化菌群落的影响

由"Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera(M.oxyfera)"主导的亚硝酸盐型甲烷厌氧氧化过程(nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane-oxidizing,ndamo)是碳循环中新发现的一个过程.已有研究发现三峡库区消落带有n-damo菌的存在.为了解人类活动对n-damo菌群落结构的影响,对三峡库区受人类活动干扰程度不同的消落带n-damo菌群落进行了研究.结果表明,人为干扰水平高的小河消落带n-damo菌基因丰度(8.98×102~3.31×105copies·g~(-1))整体上要高于白家溪(4.72×102~5.32×104copies·g~(-1)).此外,淹水都会导致两个地点n-damo菌基因丰度的增加.白家溪的n-damo菌丰度与累积淹水时间呈线性正相关,而小河的n-damo菌丰度与土壤总氮显著负相关.系统发育树和多样性分析表明,淹水前白家溪和小河相近高程土壤n-damo菌群落结构比较类似,但淹水后出现较大差异;较低高程土壤的群落多样性要明显高于较高高程土壤.消落带土壤中的n-damo菌群落具有明显的时空异质性,且淹水会导致这种异质性增加.淹水和人类活动对于n-damo菌的多样性具有同等的重要性.这些结果表明,淹水和人类活动都会影响消落带土壤中n-damo菌群落结构,而人类活动可能进一步增加n-damo菌的丰度和多样性.     

Water level fluctuations influence microbial communities and mercury methylation in soils in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

Reservoirs tend to have enhanced methylmercury(MeHg) concentrations compared to natural lakes and rivers, and water level fluctuations can promote MeHg production. Until now, little research has been conducted on the effects of microorganisms in soils for the formation of MeHg during different drying and flooding alternating conditions in the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR). This study aimed to understand how water level fluctuations affect soil microbial composition and mercury concentrations, and if such microbial variations are related to Hg methylation. The results showed that MeHg concentrations and the ratios of MeHg to THg(MeHg%) in soils were higher in the seasonally drying and flooding alternating areas(DFAs, 175–155 m) than those in the non-inundated(NIAs, 175 m) and inundated areas(IAs, 145 m). However, MeHg% in all samples was less than 1%, indicating that the Hg methylation activity in the soils of the TGR was under a low level. 454 highthroughput sequencing of 16 S rRNA gene amplicons showed that soil bacterial abundance and diversity were relatively higher in DFA compared to those in NIA and IA, and microbial community composition varied in these three areas. At the family level, those groups in Deltaproteobacteria and Methanomicrobia that might have many Hg methylators were also showed a higher relative abundance in DFA, which might be the reason for the higher MeHg production in these areas. Overall, our results suggested that seasonally water level fluctuations can enhance the microbial abundance and diversity, as well as MeHg production in the TGR.     

模拟三峡库区消落带土壤有机磷酸酯淹水释放特征

本研究以三峡库区消落带典型土壤作为研究对象,通过室内模拟实验,探讨了有机磷酸酯(OPEs)的含量、环境温度、土壤有机质含量、微生物因素的变化对土壤中常见OPEs单体迁移释放的影响.结果表明,土壤中OPEs含量越低,其迁移释放量越低;有机质含量升高,土壤向上覆水释放的OPEs减少,预示土壤添加有机质后对OPEs的释放产生了一定的抑制作用,有机质对OPEs的吸附起主要作用,但当有机质含量(以干重计)高于30 g·kg~(-1)时,对OPEs释放的抑制作用并未显著增强;在环境温度为27℃时,三类OPEs的平均释放量为1 077. 3 ng·m L~(-1),高于7℃的释放量,说明高温对OPEs的释放起促进作用.微生物对其作用并不明显.氯类的OPEs包括磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯(TCEP)、磷酸三(1-氯-2-丙基)酯(TCPP)和磷酸三(1,3-二氯异丙基)酯(TDCP)为最主要的释放单体,主要原因可能是氯类OPEs的辛醇水分配系数(Kow值)和有机碳分配系数(Koc值)比烷烃类和芳烃类OPEs低,更易溶于水体,不易被土壤中的有机质吸附,因此氯类OPEs更易从土壤中迁移释放到上覆水中,成为三峡库区上覆水中主要的OPEs单体.     

太湖藻型湖区CH4、CO2排放特征及其影响因素分析

为明确太湖藻型湖区温室气体CH_4、CO_2排放特征及其影响因素,本研究利用便携式温室气体分析仪改进的静态箱法,对太湖梅梁湾春、夏季的CH_4、CO_2通量进行观测,并分析其影响要素.主要结果为:观测地点春、夏季CH_4、CO_2通量具有明显日变化动态.春季,CH_4通量白天大于夜间,夏季夜间大于白天;春、夏季,CO_2吸收通量均白天大于夜间.梅梁湾藻型湖区春、夏季为CH_4源,且CH_4释放通量在夏季明显高于春季,春、夏季的平均通量分别为4.047 nmol·(m~2·s)~(-1)和40.779 nmol·(m~2·s)~(-1);该区域春、夏季为CO_2汇,且春季CO_2吸收大于夏季,春、夏季的平均通量分别为-0.160μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1)和-0.033μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1).在小时尺度上,CH_4释放通量与气温和水温呈显著正相关(r=0.20,P0.01;r=0.34,P0.01),当风速6 m·s-1时,与风速呈显著正相关(r=0.71,P0.01);CO_2吸收通量与气温和风速呈显著正相关(r=0.14,P0.01;r=0.33,P0.05),与气压和太阳辐射呈显著负相关(r=-0.41,P0.01;r=-0.35,P0.01);CO_2释放通量与风速呈显著正相关(r=0.40,P0.05),与太阳辐射呈显著负相关(r=-0.35,P0.01).在日尺度上,CH_4释放通量与水温和气温呈显著正相关(r=0.83,P0.01;r=0.78,P0.01).     

中国沿海不同区位经济园区空间扩张特征研究

我国沿海地区是土地资源供需矛盾最突出的区域,经济园区超前、超大规划空间规模,加剧了城市的土地矛盾,为解决沿海经济园区合理规划空间扩张的问题,论文以16个沿海经济园区为样本,根据其与城市的区位关系划分为远离城市型、城市边缘型、城市内部型三类园区,分别就三类园区扩张的空间特征及其经济特征进行研究。结果表明：就目前我国经济发展环境及土地政策下,园区发展25 a,最大扩张规模不超过60 km²,园区扩张节奏与经济发展阶段有关,园区建设初期以及“二次创业”阶段是园区扩张的高峰期;不同区位的园区扩张方向与形态存在差异,远离城市型园区扩张形态为多方向扩张与沿交通线路扩张相结合,城市边缘型园区可由宽幅扇形扩张到半圆形,城市内部型园区为内生式与窄小扇形外延式扩张相结合。远离城市的经济园区,空间扩张所需的投资更高,但其为经济发展保证了更大的发展空间,经济产出也相对较高。因此沿海各地规划建设园区时,应结合当地资本实力、园区布局区位、园区所处发展阶段等,合理规划园区扩张规模与扩张节奏。     

太湖西部流域滨岸带土壤磷形态空间分布与影响因素比较

为了揭示不同流域滨岸带的生态功能,于2015年夏季采集太湖西部苕溪流域和天目湖流域不同滨岸带（林地、耕地、草地、荒地）土壤,利用连续顺序提取法获得无机磷形态,分析土壤磷形态的空间分布特征、影响因素以及土壤磷形态与地下水中TDP（总溶解性磷）的联系.结果表明:苕溪滨岸带的磷形态含量总体上高于天目湖滨岸带,但组成方面有所差异.滨岸带土壤的NH₄Cl-P（弱吸附态磷）、BD-P（还原态磷）、NaOH-P（金属氧化物结合态磷）含量随土壤深度的增加而降低,HCl-P（钙结合态磷）含量随土壤深度的增加而增加,耕地表现得最为明显.从高地到滨水带,草地和荒地的磷形态含量有略微增加的趋势,而林地和耕地的磷形态含量均降低,耕地同样表现得最为明显.苕溪滨岸带磷形态含量的水平变幅大于天目湖滨岸带.相关性分析表明,土壤NaOH-P对地下水中TDP的贡献较大,有机质、黏土矿物和碳酸盐对磷形态有明显的影响;苕溪滨岸带土壤性质对其磷形态的影响较弱,而天目湖滨岸带比较明显.因此,苕溪和天目湖流域不同滨岸带土壤磷形态的空间分布存在差异,影响因素也不同;土壤磷形态与地下水中TDP有明显关系,尤其是NaOH-P.