韧性视角下的综合防灾减灾规划研究

我国自然灾害种类多、影响范围大,各类灾害风险交织叠加,防灾减灾工作面临严峻挑战,同时也对“十四五”期间综合防灾减灾规划编制提出了更高要求。韧性是一种应对风险的科学理念,运用韧性理念指导防灾减灾规划编制有助于发挥规划在防灾减灾工作中的引领作用,全面提高防灾减灾工作治理体系与治理能力。在对韧性概念理念与内涵进行了深入分析的基础上,该文将“城市安全五维体系”运用于防灾减灾领域并对防灾减灾工作内容进行了重构,通过五维体系视角回顾上两版国家层面综合防灾减灾规划,总结了综合防灾减灾规划趋势,系统梳理了综合防灾减灾规划编制背景,基于韧性理念提出了“十四五”综合防灾减灾规划编制建议。     

脱贫山区农户生计转型的低碳效应研究：以陇南山区为例

明确脱贫山区农户生计转型的低碳效应对实现乡村绿色发展、建设低碳乡村至关重要。基于陇南山区农户的入户调查数据，利用碳排放清单法分析了2014—2019年农户的生计转型路径及其低碳效应。结果表明：（1）陇南山区农户的生计策略分为传统农业主导型、经济作物主导型、务工主导型、经商主导型和综合型；2014—2019年有26.97%的农户生计策略发生了转型，最主要的转型方式是由综合型转向务工主导型；（2）因人均生活碳排放增加量高于人均生产碳排放减少量，陇南山区农户的人均家庭碳排放呈增加趋势；（3）农户生计转型路径中，由经济作物主导型转向传统农业主导型的人均家庭碳排放降幅最大，为41.45%，综合型转向传统农业主导型的增幅最大，达208.86%。     

农业旱灾承灾体恢复力的影响因素——基于野外土地利用测量与入户调查

恢复力作为刻画人类自身响应和发挥主体能力、积极抵御和适应外界变化的指标，在灾害学领域的引入进一步丰富和明晰了灾害承灾体的性质，与脆弱性具有同等的重要性。但当前对灾害恢复力的研究不足，如何界定灾害恢复力的特征、诊断和定量评价恢复力尚存在较大的探讨空间。在湖南鼎城高排河流域野外土地利用现状测量与入户调查所得数据和气象数据的基础上，应用数学统计方法重点分析了土地利用、农户经济、文化素质状况等因素与农业旱灾承灾体恢复力的关系。结果表明，地貌类型与海拔高度从较大尺度上决定了农业旱灾承灾体恢复力的大小，水源地位置及其蓄水能力、水田与旱地的比例关系、劳动力文化水平、农户实际年收入和非农收入比例是影响农业旱灾承灾体恢复力的主要因素。     

Designing a knowledge co-production operating space for urban environmental governance—Lessons from Rotterdam,Netherlands and Berlin,Germany

Challenges for a sustainable urban development are increasingly important in cities because urbanization and related land take come up with negative challenges for the environment and for city residents. Searching for successful solutions to environmental problems requires combined efforts of different scientific disciplines and an active dialogue between stakeholders from policy and society. In this paper, we present a comparative assessment of the way policy-science dialogues have achieved knowledge co-production about strategic urban environmental governance action using the cities of Berlin in Germany and Rotterdam in the Netherlands as case studies. The ecosystem services framework is applied as a lens for policy–science interaction and a ‘knowledge co-production operating space’ is introduced. We show how policy officers, urban planners, practitioners and scientists learned from each other, and highlight the impact of this knowledge co-production for governance practice. We found that the concerted collaboration and co-creation between researchers and policy officers have led to mutual learning and establishment of relationships and trust in both cities. Not only the policy-relevance of research and its policy uptake were achieved but also new insights for research blind spots were created. In our conclusions we reflect on co-production processes with two types of conditions that we introduced to be most influential in the way knowledge can be co-created. These are conditions that relate to the way knowledge co-production processes are set-up and, conditions that relate to the expected value or benefit that the co-produced knowledge will bring across society, policy and practice.     

A review of diversity-stability relationship of soil microbial community: What do we not know?

The impact of decreased biodiversity on ecosystem stability, or the diversity-stability (D-S) relationship, is one of the major concerns of modern ecological studies. Studies on the D-S relationship for soil microbial communities began in 2000 when the fumigation method was developed to generate different levels of soil microbial biodiversity. The studies used various measures and levels of biodiversity, and covered several functional parameters. Due to the lack of general concepts and reliable approaches to define microbial species, studies on the D-S relationship of soil microbial communities concentrate on genetic diversity and functional diversity more than species diversity. Contradictory results were observed in various studies on D-S relationship with possible factors affecting or even changing the directions of the D-S relationship including: (1) the methods of stability measurement, (2) the techniques in microbial diversity measurement, (3) the measures and levels of diversity, (4) the type and strength of disturbance, (5) the traits of functions, and (6) the hidden treatments stemming from diversity manipulation. We argue that future studies should take diversity, species composition and interaction, and soil environmental conditions holistically into account in D-S studies to develop modeling to predict soil functional stability. We also suggest that studies should be carried out on a wider range of disturbance types and functional parameters, and efforts be shifted towards long-term field studies.     

Interactions in hazard management policies: the case of drought in Nicaragua, 1976–2010

The literature on adaptive and multi‐level governance calls for interactive hazard management to increase societies’ resilience. This paper maps the hazard management policies in a poor and hazard‐prone country—Nicaragua—and examines what role the government gives to interactions among different actors at different societal levels. A new analytical framework is developed that includes scope and direction to capture unidirectional or mutual interactions that are either horizontal or vertical. This enables a more complex analysis of interactions than that found in previous research. The review shows that the historical change in the role given to interactions, as a result of a focus on short‐term emergency response being complemented by long‐term risk management, mainly lies in how they are characterised—with more participants and other types of content categories—and the awareness that interactions other than mutual ones can be positive. This illustrates the complexity of the issue of interactions.     

Fragile environment in need of resilient carers? A case of regional natural resources management in Perth,Western Australia

The Perth region is one of the 56 designated Natural Resources Management (NRM) regions in Australia. A community-led body – Perth Region NRM (PRNRM) – is in charge of overseeing NRM initiatives in the region. PRNRM heavily relies on Environmental Care Organisations (ECOs) that are involved in a wide variety of activities ranging from managing nature reserves to restoring ecosystems on a voluntary basis. While ECOs have become an integral component of PRNRM, they are often vulnerable because of the uncertain availability of financial and human resources. The way these organisations can overcome resource scarcities and become resilient is therefore significant for the effective delivery of regional NRM arrangements. However, what makes some ECOs in the Perth region more resilient than others is not well understood. This paper responds to this gap and explores the state of ECOs in the Perth region. The paper begins by reviewing the notion of resilience using a social capital lens. Drawing on a survey of ECOs and interviews, the method used for data collection and data analysis is presented next. Finally, the paper makes a case for fostering social capital as a way of enhancing the resilience of ECOs in the Perth region and beyond.     

Social innovation and the governance of sustainable places

This article explores social innovation as a tool for the promotion of place-based sustainable development. The literature highlights the satisfaction of basic needs and situations of crises as two major drivers of socially innovative actions. We use these insights to explore the conditions under which social innovation can lead to social transformation and sustainable place making. We also recognise that social processes occur through, and are shaped by, the material forms that constitute and are constituted in place-specific settings. This highlights the deep interconnections that exist between place making and the resources, attributes and characterises – the materiality (such as rivers, soil, trees) – that exist within that locality. It is here that a close tie can be discerned between understanding the adaptive process in complex socio-ecological systems and the role of social innovation in such adaptation. Socially innovative initiatives at the community level can also be scaled upwards through the co-ordinating role of the state, while at the same time act as a pressure for more participatory forms of governance. Governance processes that enhance the role of both economic and social actors in the steering of social change help to infuse more open, democratic practices into social steering. With social, economic and state actors co-mingling as agents of social change, social innovation can come to play a key role in enhancing sustainable human–environment interactions.     

An ecosystem-based resilience analysis of Infanta,Philippines

An exploratory study is conducted to assess the resilience of Infanta through an analysis of its ecosystems from ecological, physical, economic, social and institutional perspectives. Recognizing the strong interdependencies of ecological, physical, economic, social and institutional dimensions in ecosystems and that community-level perceptions can shape adaptation actions, a survey is conducted in 36 village councils in Infanta, Quezon, Philippines utilizing a questionnaire covering 5 dimensions, 25 parameters and 125 measures selected based on the local context of Infanta to gain an understanding of the level of resilience in mountain, riverine, urban, agricultural plain, estuarine and coastal ecosystems. Results show that overall resilience levels of ecosystems lie between 3.08 (medium resilience) and 3.26 (high resilience) on a scale of 1–5. However, resilience scores in the five dimensions vary from 2.57 (low resilience) to 3.51 (high resilience). On the whole, overall resilience levels in the 36 villages exhibit high levels in the social dimension and low levels in the economic dimension. By assessing the resilience of ecosystems as attempted in this study, a baseline is determined where entry points for adaptation actions that are responsive to prevailing ecosystem conditions can be identified, positive and negative factors addressed and gaps and opportunities acted upon to enhance the resilience of Infanta's ecosystems.     

“Other people’s initiatives”: exploring mediation and appropriation of place as barriers to community-based climate change adaptation

Adaptation planning at the community level takes on various forms. It generally involves a process of defining climate impacts, vulnerabilities, and actions that can build community resilience. Typically, these processes rely on climate experts and policy-makers to define what is at risk, and therefore what is worthy of investment and protection. Emerging approaches to community-based adaptation-planning advocate for stronger community control over these processes. Drawing on a place-based approach to adaptation, this paper examines place meaning as a co-constructed process. It explores how this process shapes opportunities for community-based climate action in Churchill, Canada. Results indicate that community members acknowledge many competing threats to their sense of place, and suggest that this competition may reduce the perceived need to prioritise climate action to protect connections to place. Results also reveal a concern among community members that local place identity has been appropriated for economic gain, which may further reduce the drive to act in protection of an already exploited sense of place. Overall, findings support calls to adopt place-based perspectives to enhance the capacity of adaptation planning to understand local needs, values, and levers for action.