基于地震易损性的连续梁桥减隔震方案研究

减隔震措施的合理配置是高速铁路地震经济性目标控制的关键。为了对采用不同减隔震装置的高速铁路连续梁桥抗震性能进行量化研究,基于桥梁系统地震易损性分析,选用4种减隔震方案进行对比分析。4种方案分别为:全桥抗震设计方案（方案1）、全桥双曲面球型隔震支座+粘滞阻尼器方案（方案2）、中墩摩擦摆+边墩普通支座与阻尼器配合方案（方案3）和全桥摩擦摆+边墩阻尼器方案（方案4）。结果表明:高烈度高速铁路桥梁须通过减隔震设计才能满足抗震设防目标,综合经济性和抗震性能2方面因素,方案4有效降低了结构内力响应和位移响应,为所列方案中的最优方案。     

基于Vague集的隧道施工安全管理脆弱性评价

为了客观地查找并量化隧道施工安全管理系统的脆弱点及管控要点,本文以系统脆弱性的3个特征要素,即暴露性、敏感性和适应性为二级指标,以隧道施工安全管理系统脆弱性的8项直接影响因素为三级指标,构建系统脆弱性评价体系。提出基于区间数互反判断矩阵与Vague集理论的隧道施工安全管理系统脆弱性评价模型,该模型使用区间数描述指标之间的相对重要程度,以模糊信息对系统脆弱性进行量化评价。通过山西吕梁某隧道施工项目,验证该模型的有效性,结果表明,该模型能够实现对系统脆弱性、特征要素以及各关键指标的量化评价。     

滦河冲洪积扇地下水脆弱性评价体系研究

根据滦河冲洪积扇的主要环境地质问题,选择包气带岩性、厚度等7个参数作为评价指标,建立该区地下水脆弱性评价体系,认为只有评价参数选择正确、适当,地下水脆弱性评价才能为地下水管理、保护和规划提供决策参考。     

我国农业对全球变暖的敏感性和脆弱性

未来４０～６０年内，人类活动将增大ＣＯ＿２、ＣＨ＿４、ＣＦＣ＿３和Ｎ＿２Ｏ等温室气体的排放，从而导致全球平均气温升高１～３℃。本文从我国农业和气候变化的趋势入手，分析了时全球变暖影响的敏感区和脆弱区，提出了适应对策并估算新增的投资和效益。     

Evaluating and Ranking the Vulnerability of Global Marine Ecosystems to Anthropogenic Threats

Abstract:  Marine ecosystems are threatened by a suite of anthropogenic stressors. Mitigating multiple threats is a daunting task, particularly when funding constraints limit the number of threats that can be addressed. Threats are typically assessed and prioritized via expert opinion workshops that often leave no record of the rationale for decisions, making it difficult to update recommendations with new information. We devised a transparent, repeatable, and modifiable method for collecting expert opinion that describes and documents how threats affect marine ecosystems. Experts were asked to assess the functional impact, scale, and frequency of a threat to an ecosystem; the resistance and recovery time of an ecosystem to a threat; and the certainty of these estimates. To quantify impacts of 38 distinct anthropogenic threats on 23 marine ecosystems, we surveyed 135 experts from 19 different countries. Survey results showed that all ecosystems are threatened by at least nine threats and that nine ecosystems are threatened by > 90% of existing threats. The greatest threats (highest impact scores) were increasing sea temperature, demersal destructive fishing, and point-source organic pollution. Rocky reef, coral reef, hard-shelf, mangrove, and offshore epipelagic ecosystems were identified as the most threatened. These general results, however, may be partly influenced by the specific expertise and geography of respondents, and should be interpreted with caution. This approach to threat analysis can identify the greatest threats (globally or locally), most widespread threats, most (or least) sensitive ecosystems, most (or least) threatened ecosystems, and other metrics of conservation value. Additionally, it can be easily modified, updated as new data become available, and scaled to local or regional settings, which would facilitate informed and transparent conservation priority setting.     

The Threat of Transformation: Quantifying the Vulnerability of Grasslands in South Africa

Abstract:  The ability to predict which areas of conservation importance are most vulnerable to transformation and to rank the relative damage that transforming land uses could cause to biodiversity are important components of an effective and realistic conservation planning process. We used the South African grassland biome as a case study to illustrate the assessment of vulnerability to land-use transformation through the construction of a "threat map." We identified the dominant transforming land uses and created suitability models based on area appropriateness for each. Land uses were scored according to their expected relative impacts on biodiversity, with a framework that included compositional, structural, and functional components. This information, once combined, resulted in a map that highlighted the areas most vulnerable to transformation in terms of the likelihood of their transformation and the impact on their biodiversity. We propose that such an analysis of the threat of transformation, in combination with species-representation approaches, will aid the integration of conservation planning theory and decision making. This approach can be applied at any scale and in any region with a robustness and accuracy dependent on data quality, resultant suitability models, and comprehension of how land uses affect an area's biodiversity.     

基于状态Petri网的矿区生态环境脆弱度动态评价方法

采用状态Petri网模型对矿区生态环境脆弱度进行动态评价,给出了状态Petri网中累积值、加权值、不变值和虚拟值4种不同状态值的计算及表示方法,提出了基于状态Petri网的矿区生态环境脆弱度计算方法。库所的累积值用于计算采矿过程中环境指标的总变化量。加权值主要用于脆弱度的计算。具有不变值的库所在相应的变迁被激发前后状态值均保持不变。没有实际意义的虚拟值在状态Petri网中仅起到逻辑或过渡作用。网结构描述了矿区生态环境脆弱度的组成结构,网系统的运行反映了生态环境脆弱化的状态变化过程,并且将脆弱度的计算融入了状态Petri网的运行中。在案例研究中,绘制了4种修复方案下脆弱度的变化情况曲线,表明该评价方法可以对矿区生态环境脆弱度进行动态评价。状态Petri网模型能将矿区生态环境脆弱化过程,以及人工修复和自然修复过程直观形象地展现出来,为预测矿区生态环境脆弱度的变化情况及制定相应的修复方案提供参考。该模型适用于矿山长期开采对生态环境造成破坏过程的建模及计算,而且对矿山的开采过程也不需要作特别的假设限制。     

青海省沿黄12县自然灾害活动特征及承灾体脆弱性评价

根据1949～2000年青海省沿黄12县的地质、地震和区域气候资料,对青海省黄河干流水电梯级开发已建龙羊峡和李家峡水库蓄水前后自然灾害的活动特征进行了分析.在此基础上,依据层次性、代表性、易得性、客观性和可统计性等原则,建立了适于评价县域承灾体脆弱性的指标体系,并采用加权分级评分法对其进行了量化评估,以揭示区域未来成灾趋势.评价结果表明,湟中、湟源、民和、化隆、循化、尖扎、共和是洪涝、干旱、病虫害、地质和地震灾害的高发区,承灾体也非常脆弱.     

Migration caused by climate change: how vulnerable are people inn dryland areas?

Climate change has been presented as a likely trigger formigration of people, especially in dryland areas of less developed countries.The underlying research questions focus on the strength of adaptationcapacity of subsistence farmers in Northern Ethiopia, and evaluate historicalexperiences gained from drought-induced migration. Through a survey of104 peasants who had to migrant due to persistent drought, vulnerabilityto climate change has shown to be a complex issue, including themultiplicity of factors comprising a household environment. Still, to bevulnerable does not make someone a potential climate migrant, as peoplein marginal regions have developed a great variety of adaptationmechanisms, which strengthen their ability to cope with both, slow climaticchanges and extreme climatic events.     

农业洪涝灾害脆弱性成因分析及评估——以湖南省衡阳市为例

自然灾害灾情是灾害系统的脆弱性和致灾因子的风险性共同作用的结果。在同一致灾强度下，灾情随脆弱性的增强而加重，降低灾害脆弱性可减轻灾害造成的直接经济损失，因此灾害脆弱性的研究对防灾抗灾具有重要的意义。衡阳市是湖南省重要的农业生产基地之一，也是洪涝灾害较重地区之一。灾害损失与衡阳市农业洪涝灾害脆弱性密切相关，这种脆弱性是自然因素和人为因素在一定的时空条件下耦合的产的。分析了汛期降水和暴雨、植被和土壤、水利设施、经济发展水平等因素在洪涝灾害脆弱性形成中的作用。依据长时间序列的气象资料和经济统计数据，运用数学模型和有关优化分析方法，对衡阳市农业洪涝灾害脆弱性进行定量评估，得出结论：西南部、东北部的洪涝灾害脆弱性高于西北部、东南部的脆弱性。这种规律性与该区洪涝灾害历史发生规律有一定的对应性，说明本研究对该区防洪抗涝决策有一定的借鉴作用。