渭北旱塬生态用地降水资源化潜力的估算及评价

针对黄土高原地区水资源严重短缺的态势和生态环境建设的需要，以黄土高原典型地区的渭北旱塬为例。对该区各种生态用地降水资源化理论潜力、可实现潜力和现实潜力进行初步估算。并进行相应评价。结果表明：农、林、牧、果业生产结构布局不合理，使得区内各地、市各种降水资源化潜力差异较大；林地、园地、牧草地的自然降水利用率较大：生态用地降水资源化现实潜力开发度与可实现潜力开发度有11．06％差距．现实潜力开发度与理论潜力开发度相比有36．22％潜力尚待开发。证明该区降水资源化潜力较大，但生态环境建设还是受水盗源短缺限制。     

Speciation and quantification of vapor phases in soy biodiesel and waste cooking oil biodiesel

This study characterizes the compositions of two biodiesel vapors, soy biodiesel and waste cooking oil biodiesel, to provide a comprehensive understanding of biodiesels. Vapor phases were sampled by purging oil vapors through thermal desorption tubes which were then analyzed by the thermal desorption/GC/MS system. The results show that the compounds of biodiesel vapors can be divided into four groups. They include methyl esters (the main biodiesel components), oxygenated chemicals, alkanes and alkenes, and aromatics. The first two chemical groups are only found in biodiesel vapors, not in the diesel vapor emissions. The percentages of mean concentrations for methyl esters, oxygenated chemicals, alkanes and alkenes, and aromatics are 66.1%, 22.8%, 4.8% and 6.4%, respectively for soy biodiesel, and 35.8%, 35.9%, 27.9% and 0.3%, respectively for waste cooking oil biodiesel at a temperature of 25 ± 2 °C. These results show that biodiesels have fewer chemicals and lower concentrations in vapor phase than petroleum diesel, and the total emission rates are between one-sixteenth and one-sixth of that of diesel emission, corresponding to fuel evaporative emissions of loading losses of between 106 μg l⁻¹ and 283 μg l⁻¹. Although diesels generate more vapor phase emissions, biodiesels still generate considerable amount of vapor emissions, particularly the emissions from methyl esters and oxygenated chemicals. These two chemical groups are more reactive than alkanes and aromatics. Therefore, speciation and quantification of biodiesel vapor phases are important.     

SBR法降解处理日化厂废水的实验研究

日化厂废水成分复杂,其中表面活性剂、含P化合物、油脂、色素等严重污染生态环镜,较难处理.本文采用小规模的间歇式活性污泥法(SBR)生物反应器降解处理日化厂废水,分析了废水降解过程中污泥体积指数、污泥负荷、容积负荷等微生物学的特性变化,并讨论了曝气时间、污泥负荷、容积负荷对污染物去除率的影响.结果表明,通过对普通活性污泥的培养与驯化,利用SBR工艺降解处理日化厂废水是可行的.当曝气时间为4.5 h,污泥负荷为1.2 kg/(kg·d)(以MLSS计的COD),容积负荷为2.1～2.3g/(L·d)时,COD、油脂、总磷、表面活性剂(SAA)、SO42-等的去除率分别可达92.3%,99.1%,99.3%,99.3%,99.0%和98.9%.     

伤亡事故中生命经济价值估算研究

伤亡赔偿标准由于人的年龄、经历、工作等的不同而不同。本文参考国内外相关资料后,在人人平等的基础上区分了不同人的生命价值,设计的估算方法基本包含了各个年龄段的人的生命价值。估算结果仅适用于事故和不可抗力造成的伤亡情况,不适用于故意伤害谋杀等犯罪活动造成的伤亡。生命价值没有上限只有下限,使生命经济价值的估算值有较大提高,这对提高伤亡赔偿标准,对提高人们对生命价值的认识都有一定的价值。     

袋式除尘器反吹风清灰效果实验研究

通过实验对袋式除尘器反吹风清灰效果进行了研究.实验表明,清洁滤袋阻力与粉尘层阻力相比可忽略不计,滤袋阻力与过滤风速成正比;反吹风清灰时,滤袋上粉尘负荷越大,清灰效果越好;粉尘剥离率随反吹风风速的增加而提高,当反吹风风速增加到3.5m/min时,剥离率增加趋于平缓.实验结果为袋式除尘器清灰时反吹风风速的选择提供了参考数据.     

中国环境载荷与环境减压分析

基于社会代谢的物质流核算和相关指标,构建了表征国家环境压力总量的本国环境载荷指标,并与经济总量结合得出环境效率指标,建立了指标的计算模型;对本国环境载荷进行了经济增长的反弹效应和效率提高的减量效应分解.对中国1990～2002年的本国环境载荷、环境效率和反弹与减量效应进行了实证研究.结果表明:我国经济的环境效率在研究期总体上以较高的速度增长,年均增长率为5.6%,表明本国环境压力实现了一定程度的相对减量;但这一时期经济增长的反弹效应比效率提高的减量效应大许多,导致环境载荷总量的较大幅度增加(年均增长率为3     

Characteristics of Muscular Load in Computer Data Entry Workers Assessed by EMG and Postural Angles

The goal of this study was to characterize the muscular load in computer data entry workers. Electromyography (EMG) parameters of trapezius muscle and postural angles of head, arm, and back were chosen as indicators of musculoskeletal load. The examination was done according to the methods and protocol of international MEPS studies (the “Musculoskeletal, Visual, and Psychosocial Load in VDT [Video Display Terminal] Operators in Optimized Environment” international program). The musculoskeletal load during routine VDT data entry work performed by a group of 36 women was assessed on the basis of 1-hr physiometer recordings. Results show that the musculoskeletal load associated with data entry is relatively high compared to other VDT operators’ tasks described in the literature. An analysis of the measured parameters shows that most of the time women worked with a muscular load higher than optimal. It is postulated that the main reason for the heavy musculoskeletal load was improper posture compelled by unergonomic spatial configuration of work stands.     

Modeling Biochemical Oxygen Demand Through the Middle and Lower Savannah River1

Abstract: In order to improve modeling accuracy and general understanding of lotic biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), this study characterized river metabolism with the current Georgia Environmental Protection Division method for the middle and lower Savannah River basin (MLSRB) and several alternative methods developed with 120‐day, long‐term biochemical oxygen demand (LTBOD) data from the MLSRB. The data were a subset of a larger two‐year LTBOD study to characterize and understand BOD in the MLSRB, located approximately between Augusta, Georgia, and Savannah, Georgia, along the border of Georgia and South Carolina. The LTBOD data included total oxygen loss and nitrogen speciation for separately quantifying nitrification. Results support the following insights and opportunities for modeling methods: (1) it is important to modeling accuracy that residuals be checked for even dispersion to avoid areas of over‐ and underprediction; (2) modeling with bounded, yet unfixed, rates is a sufficiently simple alternative to fixed‐rate modeling that can eliminate the need for manual adjustments and provide additional system understanding to inform regulation; (3) if fixed rates modeling is desired, model quality for this system might be improved through revising the current low rate (along with the associated f‐ratio updates) from 0.02/day rate to 0.006/day and potentially adding a new rate at 1.0/day in some cases; and (4) the current 57/43 ratio of slow/fast BOD is reasonable based on the 52/45/3 slow/fast/faster BOD proportions of this study.     

SO2排放造成的森林损失计算:以湖南省为例

SO₂排放对我国的森林生态系统造成了严重的损害,因而损失计算对于SO₂控制具有重要意义,但是目前仍缺乏有效的方法计算不同排放水平下的森林损失.本研究以硫沉降超临界负荷作为计算森林损失的参数,推导了适用于我国硫沉降导致森林损失的剂量-响应函数,并以湖南省为例,以1995为基准年,计算了2000年～2020年高中低3种SO₂排放方案下的森林损失.研究结果表明,随着今后湖南省经济和能源消费的增长,森林损失将继续增加.高排放方案下2020年SO₂排放将增长1.2倍,但森林损失增长4.3倍,边际损失高于6000元/t.在当前排放水平下对SO₂排放进行削减,边际效益达到1500元/t,因此控制SO₂具有显著的经济效益.对湖南案例的不确定性分析显示,计算方法有较高的可靠性.研究结果为区域SO₂控制策略的优化提供了支持.     

地震荷载下露天坑边坡模糊随机可靠度分析

为探讨地震荷载下露天坑边坡的稳定性,结合可靠度分析方法及模糊数学理论对边坡工程的可靠度进行分析。以某露天坑边坡工程为例,利用拟静力法分析地震荷载下影响边坡工程可靠度的各个作用力,进而应用可靠度、模糊数学等理论对边坡工程进行可靠度分析,得到该边坡工程的随机失效概率为0.015 9,模糊失效概率为0.100 1。同时,对黏聚力c和内摩擦因数f的均值和方差进行敏感度分析,可知其取值的变化将对失效概率产生线性影响,其中模糊失效概率的敏感度较低,而随机失效概率的敏感度则相对较高。结果表明,模糊随机可靠度分析结果虽偏于保守,但它考虑不确定性因素的影响,更适用于大型工程的施工。