高速冲击下多胞材料细观结构中波传播规律

目的 获取安全防护结构中细观多胞材料在高速冲击下的波传播规律.方法 采用基于3D-Voronoi细观多胞结构数值仿真和基于最小二乘法的局部应变梯度法,研究细观多胞结构在高速冲击下的冲击波波阵面传播规律.通过细观多胞结构数值仿真提取的位移场数据,结合局部应变梯度法得到界面清晰的冲击波波阵面.结果 冲击端和支撑端分别诱发右...     

基于航空摄影测量的填埋堆体动态重构精度及影响因素

填埋堆体表面形变监测是填埋场库容管理和堆体失稳等风险分析的核心,其时空高分辨率监测研究近年来引起广泛关注。基于航空摄影的地表测量技术具有采集速度快、时空分辨率高等优点,但在填埋场特殊环境下,面对高频填埋活动、显著的堆体变化以及防雨膜覆盖等干扰时,要同时满足高时空分辨率和耗时短的动态监测要求,无人机的最佳飞行参数设定亟待研究。为此,该研究模拟中等规模危险废物填埋场的规模和日填埋量,利用专业级无人机获取模拟区域图像,空三加密处理生成三维点云数据,利用Arcmap叠加分析多期监测数据,从点位坐标、重构尺度、重构体积、体积差分精度4个角度分析重构误差。结果表明:三维重构的坐标精度可以达到米级;重构尺度误差为2~3 cm,重构体积误差为0.16~0.17 m³,差分体积误差为0.16~0.17 m³;进一步研究发现,高度为25~55 m时,高度越高精度越低,相机倾角为[-53°,-60°]时,精度最高,旁向重叠率大于80%时,误差骤减且基本稳定。考虑到填埋场的填埋作业间隔、无人机续航能力等对飞行时间的约束,为获得最佳精度,建议无人机飞行高度为37 m、相机倾斜角度为[-53°,-60°]、旁向重叠率为80%。     

我国公众参与环境决策的运行机制及其优化

本文简要论述了良好的决策机制是公众参与环境决策的基本保障,分析了当前我国公众参与环境决策运行机制存在的不足,并提出了优化其运行机制的一些思路。     

OPTIMUM STORAGE VOLUME OF ROOFTOP RAIN WATER HARVESTING SYSTEMS FOR DOMESTIC USE1

ABSTRACT: Major parameters and optimum storage volumes of rooftop rain water harvesting systems (RRWHSs) have not been investigated in detail in Taiwan. Accordingly, the four major parameters of RRWHSs were herein identified and elucidated using a simulation method. Because the performance of the RRWHSs is sensitive to the runoff coefficient, a field experiment was conducted to determine the runoff coefficient more precisely for various types of roofs. A simulation model including production theory was developed and employed to estimate the most cost effective combination of the roof area and the storage capacity that best supplies a specific volume of water. Consequently, the expansion path of optimum solutions for different volumetric reliability of water supply can be determined. Additionally, the method based on the marginal rate of substitution can be used for determining the rational volumetric reliability. The procedures developed herein constitute an effective tool for preliminarily estimating the most satisfactory storage capacity of any specific roof area and for determining the rational reliability of a corresponding water supply.     

基于灰色模糊理论的流域水电规划环境影响综合评价

结合模糊优选理论和灰色关联分析方法，提出灰色模糊综合评价法，该方法将灰色关联分析作为优属度确定的隶属度计算方法；提出理想环境序列建立遵循的原则，引入梯形模糊数实现定性指标量化并采用变异系数法确定评价指标权重。应用灰色模糊综合评价法对黄河流域河段水电规划的高坝方案和多级开发方案进行了比选研究，计算了两个方案的优属度及其开发性因子、稳定性因子、保护性因子、经济活力因子、社会可接受因子、环境风险因子等6个指标层优属度，结果表明，多级开发方案总体优于高坝方案；多级开发方案的保护性远好于高坝开发方案，而高坝方案的开发性略好于多级开发方案，稳定性、经济活力、社会可接受、环境风险等因子两种方案比较接近。评价结果与流域实际情况比较符合，证明该方法是一种有效的方法。     

如何优化经济欠发达地区农村客运网

经济欠发达地区农村的道路情况和客运网络的建设相对落后,同时,由于受交通不便的制约,农村经济发展速度受到很大的影响,农民出行难的问题仍然没有得到根本上的解决。本文通过对经济欠发达地区农村客运网现状的分析,找出目前造成农村客运网络落后的原因,并提出相应的对策和建议。     

江南丘陵县域农业资源利用与农业结构优化

针对南方红壤丘陵区农业资源利用的现状，以湖南省桃江县为例，应用灰色关联度模型定量分析了农业各部门产值对农业总产值的影响程度。结果发现，近50年来桃江县农业各部门的关联序列为：种植业（0.887 5）>牧业（0.760 2）>渔业（0.675 6）>林业（0.543 3）。种植业和牧业产值的变化对桃江农业总产值的波动起着主导作用。基于历史统计数据，利用灰色预测模型预测了2001~2005年5年内桃江县农业各部门产值的变化趋势。预测结果表明，各部门发展对农业总产值的关联度分别为：种植业（0.611 3）>渔业（0.358 7）>林业（0.347 6）>牧业（0.334 7）。比较两组关联序列可以清楚发现农业产业各部门的发展潜力。结合桃江农业资源和各部门的发展趋势，提出了桃江县农业结构优化调整的方向。     

OPTIMAL MANAGEMENT OF RELIEF WELLS NEAR WATERTON RESERVOIR1

ABSTRACT: This study considers the design and analysis of nonpumped well systems to provide pressure relief in the Cochrane aquifer, which is hydraulically connected to the Waterton Reservoir, Analyses of the relief well management problem are performed with a management model formulated by the combined simulation-optimization approach. The model determines active relief well sites and their optimal discharge schedules. The existing relief wells are inadequate to provide the desirable pressure relief. The locations and design capacities of two new relief well systems are determined by the management model. The relationships between reservoir level and well discharge are estimated for these two well systems.     

UNCERTAINTY OF EXTREME FLOOD ESTIMATES INCORPRATING HISTORICAL DATA1

ABSTRACT: The ability to predict extreme floods is an important part of the planning process for any water project for which failure will be very costly. The length of a gage record available for use in estimating extreme flows is generally much shorter than the recurrence interval of the desired flows, resulting in estimates having a high degree of uncertainty. Maximum likelihood estimators of the parameters of the three parameter lognormal (3PLN) distribution, which make use of historical data, are presented. A Monte Carlo study of extreme flows estimated from samples drawn from three hypothetical 3PLN populations showed that inclusion of historical flows with the gage record reduced the bias and variance of extreme flow estimates. Asymptotic theory approximations of parameter variances and covariances calculated using the second and mixed partial derivatives of the log likelihood function agreed well with Monte Carlo results. First order approximations of the standard deviations of the extreme flow estimates did not agree with the Monte Carlo results. An alternative method for calculating those standard deviations, the “asymptotic simulation” method, is described. The standard deviations calculated by asymptotic simulation agree well with the Monte Carlo results.     

AQUIFER PARAMETERS FROM CONSTANT DRAWDOWN NONSTEADY-LEAKY TYPE CURVES1

ABSTRACT: A drain function and set of type curves were defined for the mathematical solution that represents one-dimensional flow under nonsteady conditions in a leaky aquifer for the constant drawdown boundary condition. A match point procedure was developed for determining the aquifer parameters transmissivity, storage coefficient, and leakance based on the drain function and type curves. Use of the procedure is illustrated by an example that utilizes simulated aquifer drawdowns and flowrate data. The drain function and type curves developed in this investigation include the effects of leakage for the constant drawdown boundary condition, which is not included in the existing drain function and type curve found in the literature. Thus, a new set of type curves was developed that can be used to analyze drawdowns for one-dimensional flow in a leaky aquifer with constant drawdown at a line sink. Applications would include flow to a canal or river, drainage of agricultural lands, and dewatering associated with strip mining operations.