Exergoeconomic Environmental Optimization of Piston-Prop Aircraft Engines

In this study, exergy, exergoeconomic, exergoenvironmental analyses, and exergoeconomic environmental optimization are applied to a four-cylinder, spark ignition, naturally aspirated and air-cooled piston-prop aircraft engine in the cruise phase of flight for the first time to the best of the authors` knowledge. Here, three piston-prop aircraft engine parameters (altitude, air–fuel ratio (AF), and rated power setting (PS)) are selected for optimization purposes. All exergy, exergoeconomic, and exergoenvironmental values are calculated first. These values are then optimized to find the best results of all analyses. The best altitude, AF ratio, and PS values are finally found while the maximum exergy efficiency, the minimum product specific environmental impact, and the minimum average unit fuel exergy cost are obtained. The best results of optimization indicated that the maximum exergy efficiency varied between 19.54% and 19.80%, the minimum unit fuel exergy cost ranged from 126.30 $/GJ to 127.23 $/GJ, and the minimum specific environmental impact of production was in the range of 8.70–9.59 mPts/MJ. Based on the results obtained, for ensuring the optimum conditions, the low AF ratios and the low-altitude flight at high rated power settings have to be selected.     

合肥地区不同类型源头溪流暂态存储能力及氮磷滞留特征

为揭示合肥地区不同类型源头溪流暂态存储能力及氮磷吸收滞留的基本特征,在城区和城郊筛选4条典型源头溪流,并以NH4Cl、KH2PO4为添加营养盐,以Na Cl为保守型示踪剂,开展现场示踪实验.在此基础上,利用OTIS模型水文参数(D、A、As和α),计算暂态存储指标(Ts、Tc、Ls、Rh和F200med),进而开展暂态存储能力分析,并以NH+4-N和SRP一阶吸收系数(λ、λs)解析氮磷滞留特征.结果表明:4条溪流水体的α值均处于10-4~10-3数量级;各溪流Tc基本都显著超过Ts,意味着这些溪流水体溶质滞留效应主要来自主渠道流动水体,而不是暂态存储区;根据Tc、Ts、Ls和Rh等指标,得到各源头溪流暂态存储能力排序为:二十埠河二级支流二十埠河一级支流十五里河源头段关镇河支渠;4条源头溪流主渠道流动水体与暂态存储区的NH+4-N、SRP滞留特征存在很大的差异,并且二十埠河一、二级支流和十五里河均不同程度出现λ-NH+4、λs-NH+4为负值的现象,意味着这些水体对于NH+4-N既具有短期存储作用,也起着"源"的作用.     

Assessing local climate action plans for public health co-benefits in environmental justice communities

Climate change presents a complex environmental health and justice challenge for the field of urban planning. To date, the majority of research focuses on measuring local climate efforts and evaluating the general efficacy of adopted climate action plans (CAPs). Cumulatively, these studies argue that socio-economic and demographic variables (such as the fiscal health of cities, city size, and median household income) are important factors in implementing climate policies. Less studied are issues of environmental justice and the impacts of climate change on population health. Through interviews with urban planners and a document analysis of CAPs, this study assesses how California cities with high levels of pollution and social vulnerability address climate change and public health. The findings of this study show that CAPs in these cities rarely analyse whether greenhouse gas reduction strategies will also yield health co-benefits, such as a reduction in the co-pollutants of climate change (i.e. ozone, particulate matter, and nitrogen oxides). In many instances, the net co-benefits of health are not monetised, quantified, or even identified by local governments. In California's most impacted cities, climate planning activities and work on public health are happening in a parallel manner rather than through an integrated approach. The results suggest a need for increased opportunities for interagency coordination and staff training to conduct health analyses, free and easily accessible tools, methods for prioritising funding streams, and the development of partnerships with community-based organisations for linking climate planning with public health.     

Vulnerability and adaptation to heat in cities: perspectives and perceptions of local adaptation decision-makers in Sweden

Climate change vulnerability is disproportionately distributed between different population segments in society. This study qualitatively explores how key stakeholders in municipalities (i.e. planning and operational staff in municipalities and the vulnerable themselves) construct social vulnerability in relation to climate change with a specific focus on thermal stress (i.e. heat waves) and which adaptive responses they identify at different levels. The empirical material consists of five focus groups with actors in a large Swedish municipality where the “Vulnerability Factor Card Game” was used as stimulus material to create 10 fictional individuals. The results show that there is a substantial amount of local knowledge about vulnerability drivers and inter-relations between social factors and vulnerability. Local decision-makers also defined a wide range of possible adaptation measures at different municipal levels. Our study clearly indicates that contextualised knowledge, which could complement the quantitative approaches in research, is abundant among municipal planners, staff employed at municipal operations such as health care, and among the vulnerable themselves. This knowledge remains untapped by research to a great extent and only seems to have an insignificant influence on policy-making. In particular, how impacts vary between different social and demographic groups and how adaptation strategies that target the most vulnerable could be defined are of great interest. The present study clearly indicates that social hierarchy may produce increased inequality in the specific context of climate change, vulnerability and adaptive responses at different levels.     

多点法测定可燃物质自燃特性的可靠性研究

多点法是一种新提出的自热反应动力学分析方法。采用实验研究和理论分析相结合的方式对多点法的操作过程以及实验结果的可靠性展开研究。通过构建一维导热系统、采用不同形式的热电偶布设方式,对烟叶粉末的自燃临界环境温度、活化能以及反应热与指前因子的乘积等参数进行了测定。研究表明:所构建的一维系统能较好地模拟一维导热;热电偶的分布方式对测量结果有较大影响,对称分布状况下,温度结果与经典的F-K对称模型一致;多点法相比于传统方法省时省力,测定结果有较好的线性拟合相关度,求解的动力学参数较为可靠。     

多层采空区流场局部动态平衡数学建模分析

针对大同矿区浅埋深、多煤层群、近距离、两硬条件下开采形成的多层采空区极易发生自燃的问题,进行风流流场调压分析,以达到控制采空区遗煤自燃及防止有害气体流人工作面的目标.建立了多层采空区流场调压数学模型,得出工作面风压调节的最优参数,结合工程实际分析,确定了多层采空区流场调压需要达到的预期效果.提出多层采空区流场局部动态平衡的调压方法,结合达西线性渗流定律,确定了多层采空区流场达到局部动态平衡的调压允许范围,并提出调压自动控制方法.     

不同控烟方式下火灾烟气运动演化规律比较分析

为优化选择与确定最优控烟方式,最大限度地减少人员伤亡和财产损失,利用火灾场模拟软件FDS对南宁市某地下超市火灾烟气的运动过程进行数值模拟,分别探讨了自然排烟、机械排烟、喷水灭火系统、机械排烟与喷水灭火复合系统4种火灾场景下烟气的运动过程,揭示出不同场景下火灾烟气的运动演化规律.结果表明,与自然排烟相比,机械排烟对于降低CO(低0.21％)和CO2(低2.6％)体积分数效果明显,能有效阻止O2(高1.8％)体积分数与能见度降低(延缓120 s);喷水灭火系统能有效降低烟气温度(降低200℃),在一定程度上抑制O2(高1.0％)体积分数的降低;机械排烟与喷水灭火复合系统能有效降低CO(低0.24％)和CO2(低3.4％)体积分数及烟气温度(降低270℃),还能阻止O2(高3.2％)体积分数与能见度降低(延缓160s);机械排烟、喷水灭火系统均对地下超市火灾烟气蔓延有较强的阻碍作用,但每个独立系统的控烟效果远不及机械排烟与喷水灭火复合系统明显.     

Adaptive Targeting: Engaging Farmers to Improve Targeting and Adoption of Agricultural Conservation Practices

Targeting of agricultural conservation practices to cost‐effective locations has long been of interest to watershed managers, yet its implementation cannot succeed without meaningful engagement of agricultural producers who are decision makers on the lands they farm. In this study, we engaged 14 west‐central Indiana producers and landowners in an adaptive targeting experiment. Interviews carried out prior to targeting provided rich spatial information on existing conservation practices as well as producers' preferences for future conservation projects. We targeted six of the most accepted conservation practices using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool and spatial optimization using a genetic algorithm approach. Fairly optimal conservation scenarios were possible with even the most limiting constraints of farmer‐accepted practices. We presented in follow‐up interviews a total of 176 conservation practice recommendations on 103 farm fields to 10 farmers whose lands were targeted for conservation. Primary findings indicated producers were interested in the project, were open to hearing recommendations about their lands, and expressed a high likelihood of adopting 35% of targeted recommendations. Farmers generally viewed the interview process and presentation of results quite favorably, and the interviews were found to build trust and make the targeting process more acceptable to them.     

连续流好氧颗粒污泥系统处理低COD/N实际生活污水的工艺优化

在连续流合建式反应器中接种成熟好氧颗粒污泥处理低碳氮比(COD/N)的实际生活污水,研究了曝气量和水力停留时间(hydraulic retention time,HRT)对连续流好氧颗粒污泥系统脱氮除磷和颗粒污泥稳定性的影响.结果表明,当曝气量为300 m L·min-1(表观气速为1.2 cm·s-1)、HRT为7.5 h时,反应器对化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)、总氮(total nitrogen,TN)和总磷(total phosphorus,TP)去除率达到最高,分别为76.34%、51.23%和53.70%.整个系统在此条件下能够稳定运行,污泥浓度(mixed liquor suspended solids,MLSS)为2 000 mg·L-1左右,污泥体积指数(sludge volume index,SVI)保持在50 m L·g-1以下,好氧颗粒污泥形态完整,沉降性能良好.低COD/N的实际生活污水促进了好氧颗粒污泥胞外多聚物(extracellular polymeric substance,EPS)的增长,蛋白质(protein,PN)和多聚糖(polysaccharide,PS)的比值高达17.9,相对于PS,PN对颗粒污泥的稳定性有更大的促进作用.     

The role of component arrangement in complex safety instrumented systems—A case study

The arrangement of components plays a key role in the performance of complex Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS), in which a SIS logic solver is interlocked with other logic solvers, to share a final element, for instance. The position of the components and the way they are utilized affects the reliability characteristics, such as the Probability of Failure on Demand (PFD), Spurious Trip Rate (STR), architectural sensitivity and model uncertainty. This case study uses quantitative and qualitative approaches to elaborate on various aspects of component arrangement in complex SIS. Numerous simplified models are analyzed; new classification is introduced for SIS components based on their response to demand; a set of guidelines are developed for SIS architecture design, with a focus on component arrangement; and the use of these guidelines is demonstrated in a real-life example, where an existing turbine SIS is modified to incorporate a new over-speed protection system. The simplified models and the turbine upgrade project are also used to explain the issue of unknowns and uncertainties in reliability analysis and how these issues can be addressed in SIS architecture by optimizing component arrangement.