大空间单跨门式刚架结构抗火性能影响因素的客观权重研究

火灾时的大空间单跨门式刚架结构抗火性能,受钢构件温升和结构整体抗火临界温度的影响.本文通过对无保护大空间建筑钢构件温升数据的统计分析,获得包含火源功率、建筑体积、钢构件截面形状系数的钢构件温升拟合公式;结合单跨门式刚架结构整体抗火临界温度数据的统计分析,获得包含荷载比、柱高和系数K的结构整体抗火临界温度拟合公式;通过分...     

基于AnnAGNPS模型四岭水库小流域氮磷流失特征的模拟研究

采用流域尺度的农业非点源污染模型——AnnAGNPS模拟预测苕溪流域四岭水库小流域氮磷流失情况,分析氮磷流失空间分布特征.结果表明,单位面积总氮、总磷流失量在空间分布上有一定的相似性,均呈现出南部大于北部,西部高于东部的特点.以竹林地为主的林地是氮磷输出的最主要来源,其对氮、磷流失总量的贡献率在90%以上.设定不施肥处理(CK)、适地养分管理(SSNM)、当地高产竹农普遍采用的施肥方法(FFP)这3种施肥方式对林地主要植被类型竹林进行情景分析,模拟结果表明,与FFP相比,SSNM在一定程度上减少了氮磷输出,其中溶解性氮和颗粒态氮流失量分别削减8.17%、4.33%,溶性磷和颗粒态磷流失量依次减少9.08%、1.02%.     

分岔隧道火灾火源位置对临界风速影响的数值模拟分析

为探究分岔隧道火灾火源位置对临界风速的影响规律,使用数值模拟方法对火源位于分岔隧道分岔口前和分岔口后的火灾场景下的临界风速进行研究.研究结果表明:火源位于分岔口后的主隧道时,临界风速明显大于火源位于分岔口前的临界风速;在一定范围热释放速率下,分岔隧道临界风速与热释放速率的1/3次方成正比;在分岔隧道模型中,相同热释放速...     

Screening risk areas for sediment and phosphorus losses to improve placement of mitigation measures

Identification of vulnerable arable areas to phosphorus (P) losses is needed to effectively implement mitigation measures. Indicators for source (soil test P, STP), potential mobilization by erosion (soil dispersion), and transport (unit-stream power length-slope, LS) risks were used to screen the vulnerability to suspended solids (SS) and P losses in two contrasting catchments regarding topography, soil textural distribution, and STP. Soils in the first catchment ranged from loamy sand to clay loam, while clay soils were dominant in the second catchment. Long-term SS and total P losses were higher in the second catchment in spite of significantly lower topsoil STP. A higher proportion of areas in the second catchment were identified with higher risk due to the significantly higher risk of overland flow generation (LS) and a significantly higher mobilization risk in the soil dispersion laboratory tests. A simple screening method was presented to improve the placement of mitigation measures.     

Diffusion pollution from livestock and poultry rearing in the Yangtze Delta,China

BACKGROUND: The Yangtze Delta is one of the most developed regions in China and includes Shanghai, eight cities in Jiangsu province and eight cities in Zhejiang province. Meat consumption in this region has increased with economic growth, and most of the consumed meat is produced locally. The water quality of surface waters has deteriorated in recent years. An example was the huge blue-green algae bloom in Tai Lake in late May 2007, which affected millions of people's daily drinking water. However, animal husbandry is considered to be one of the main pollution sources. METHODS: Pollutants (NH3-N, total phosphorus (TP), and total nitrogen (TN)) excreted by livestock and poultry, and the resultant COD (chemical oxygen demand) and BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), were estimated using two different methods based on different data sets. RESULTS: The number of livestock and poultry has remained stable in the Yangtze Delta over the four years from 1999 to 2002, with the average number of pigs, cattle, sheep and poultry being 21.1 M, 0.4 M, 7.7 M and 597.6 M, respectively. Pollutants in livestock and poultry excreta estimated by Method I were: 0.12 Mt NH3-N, 0.11 Mt TP and 0.29 Mt TN, resulting in COD and BOD of 1.34 Mt and 1.30 Mt, respectively, while the estimations based on Method II were: 0.18 Mt NH3-N, 0.15 Mt TP and 0.40 Mt TN, resulting in COD and BOD of 1.95 Mt and 1.80 Mt, respectively. DISCUSSION: Pollutants excreted annually by livestock and poultry in the Yangtze Delta are estimated to be: 0.17 Mt NH3-N, 0.16 Mt TP and 0.42 Mt TN, giving rise to a COD of 1.86 Mt and a BOD of 1.72 Mt. Approximately 25% of this pollution was estimated to enter water bodies, which means that the annual pollutant load is 43,700 t NH3-N, 39,400 tTP, 104,600t TN with a COD of 465,000 tand a BOD of 430,100 t. Pollutants from animal husbandry were similar in magnitude to those from industrial wastewater. Pigs produced the most pollution, followed by poultry, cattle and sheep. The pollution load from animal husbandry in the Yangtze Delta is about twice the average level of the whole of China. CONCLUSIONS: Domestic wastewater was the main pollution source in the Yangtze Delta, followed by pollution from raising livestock and poultry and from industrial wastewater. The pollution load in Shanghai and Jiaxing were the greatest, followed by 7 cities of Jiangsu province (except Suzhou) and other cities of Zhejiang province and Suzhou. Pigs and poultry produced about 90% of the total pollutants from animal husbandry. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: The local governments, especially in Shanghai and Jiaxing, should focus their attention on the pollution produced by livestock and poulrry. Controlling pollution from pigs and poultry will have the greatest impact in this region. Control of pollution will be facilitated by the development of large-scale livestock and poultry farming units and a shift away from small scale husbandry.     

乙酸钠作为碳源不同污泥源短程反硝化过程亚硝酸盐积累特性

为探究乙酸钠作为碳源时,不同污泥源外源短程反硝化过程中亚硝酸盐积累特性,采用1号和2号SBR分别接种某污水处理厂二沉池和同步硝化反硝化除磷系统剩余污泥,通过合理控制初始硝酸盐浓度和缺氧时间,实现了短程反硝化的启动,并考察了其在不同初始COD和NO_3~--N浓度条件下的碳、氮去除特性.试验结果表明:以乙酸钠为碳源,1号和2号SBR可分别在21 d和20 d实现短程反硝化的成功启动,且其NO_2~--N积累量和亚硝酸盐积累率(NAR)均维持在较高水平,分别为12. 61 mg·L-1、79. 76%和13. 85 mg·L-1、87. 60%.当2号SBR初始NO_3~--N浓度为20 mg·L-1,且初始COD浓度由60mg·L-1升高至140 mg·L-1时,系统实现最高NO_2~--N积累时间可由160 min逐渐缩短至6 min,同时NO_3~--N比反硝化速率(以VSS计)由3. 84 mg·(g·h)-1增加至7. 35 mg·(g·h)-1,初始COD浓度的提高有利于实现短程反硝化过程NO_2~--N积累. 2号SBR初始COD浓度为100 mg·L-1,当初始NO_3~--N浓度由20 mg·L-1增加至30 mg·L-1时,系统NAR均维持在90%以上,最高可达100%(NO_3~--N初始浓度为25 mg·L-1);当初始NO_3~--N浓度≥35 mg·L-1时,系统COD不足导致NO_3~--N不能被完全还原为NO_2~--N.此外,在不同初始COD浓度(80、100、120 mg·L-1)和NO_3~--N浓度(20、25、30、40 mg·L-1)条件下,2号SBR的脱氮除碳和短程反硝化性能均优于1号SBR.     

拉萨地区非甲烷碳氢化合物的排放特征和来源分析

报道了拉萨地区大气中非甲烷碳氢化合物的监测数据。在1998年6月和9月，对拉萨地区大气样品进行了采集和非甲烷碳氢化合物（NMHC）的分析测定，并讨论了拉萨地区大气非甲烷碳氢化合物的浓度水平和排放特征。共检测出69种烃类，其中以9个碳以上的芳烃类为主，约占45％－49％，总非甲烷碳氢化合物的平均浓度水平在60－166ppbC范围。结果表明，拉萨地区特有的生物体燃烧及植物排放当地大气中非甲烷碳氢化合物的重要来源。     

浅议提高废水污染源监测数据代表性

对废水污染源监测中影响监测数据代表性的主要因素进行了分析,并对提高废水污染源监测数据代表性提出了可行性建议。     

连云港市农业面源污染饮用水源的主要途径及防治对策

连云港市区主要饮用水源蔷薇河为南北走向,汛期易受东西走向的过境洪水影响,水质经常受到农业面源的污染。通过分析农业面源的来源、污染途径,提出了防治污染的具体措施。     

滴水湖及其环湖水系沉积物、土壤中多氯联苯的空间分布特征及风险评价

为了解城市人工湖泊中多氯联苯(PCBs)的污染状况,利用GC/MS技术测定了滴水湖及其环湖水系沉积物、土壤中14种PCBs的含量,并对其分布特征、来源和生态风险进行了探讨与分析.结果表明,滴水湖及其环湖水系沉积物、周边农田土壤中Σ_(14)PCBs含量分别为0.65~16.41 ng·g~(-1)(以干重计)和0.47~1.27 ng·g~(-1),总体处于较低污染水平.但环湖水系表层沉积物高于湖区表层及柱样沉积物中PCBs含量,引水过程可能会对湖区造成污染.湖区沉积物中PCBs随深度增加而降低,表明自成湖以来湖区沉积物中PCBs有污染加剧的趋势.研究区沉积物、土壤中PCBs均以四氯联苯(Tetra-CBs)和五氯联苯(Penta-CBs)为主,分别占Σ_(14)PCBs的20.65%和67.12%,主要特征单体为PCB105、PCB118和PCB77.主成分分析(PCA)结果表明,PCBs主要来源于国产2号、1号PCB产品的使用残留、城市固废焚烧及煤、木材的燃烧排放.研究区沉积物及土壤中12种类二噁英类多氯联苯(DL-PCBs)的毒性当量浓度(TEQs)为0.01~79.40 pg·g~(-1),其中环湖水系及湖区表层沉积物有7个样点中DL-PCBs-TEQs超过了美国EPA沉积物质量指导值(ISQGs),可能对水生生物产生毒性影响,应当引起重视.