考虑非饱和特性的黄土湿陷性与微观结构分析

利用扫描电子显微镜测试技术对3个场地16个土样的微观结构进行观测,并使用图像处理软件对微观图像进行处理、对土样孔隙的几何特征参数和分维数进行了提取,土样孔隙分布分维数为1.816~1.936。利用分形几何学原理建立非饱和土的孔隙分布函数,对天然湿度下黄土中水分分布进行分析,运用回归分析的方法对孔隙的分维数、非饱和孔隙孔隙率和湿陷性的关系进行了分析。结果表明:孔隙分维数越大,孔隙结构越复杂;天然湿度下处于非饱和状态的黄土孔隙孔径均大于40μm,黄土的湿陷系数随着孔隙分维数、非饱和孔隙孔隙率的增大而增大,非饱和孔隙是造成黄土湿陷的主要原因。     

梳子坝淤砂形态特征试验研究

通过室内水槽试验,探讨梳子坝淤砂的形态特征、淤砂长度和回淤坡度等,初步得到:(1)梳子坝在全闭塞时,淤砂形态与实体坝相似,在淤砂区的前部,淤砂高度大致等于坝体高度,在淤砂区的尾部,都有一个明显的陡坎;梳子坝在部分闭塞时,淤砂形态与不闭塞情况下淤砂形态相似,在淤砂区的前部,都有一个缓坡。不闭塞时形成的缓坡坡度稍大于部分闭塞时的缓坡坡度,但都明显小于水下休止角,表明梳子坝淤砂形态异于狭缝坝。(2)梳子坝淤砂长度与切口宽度有关,大致有随着切口宽度的增大而减短的趋势;切口密度和泥石流浓度对淤砂长度有影响,淤砂长度有大致随切口密度的增大而堆积长度减短的趋势。(3)在相同试验条件下,梳子坝回淤坡度与实体坝相比大致相近,波动范围很小;在相同的切口宽度条件下,切口密度对回淤坡度有一定的影响,同时证明沟床坡度和泥石流的物质级配、容重及规模对回淤坡度也有一定影响。     

矿渣与工业废渣改良黄土的性能与机理研究进展

黄土在世界上分布面积较广,在我国也有约60×104 km2的分布,具有湿陷性是其区别于其它区域性土的最显著特点,并由此引发造成各种地质灾害和工程问题.采用石灰、水泥或高分子材料等对其进行改性以达到消除湿陷性或提高黄土强度的目的,是岩土工程领域的重要课题.选用矿渣和工业废渣作为改性参料,用以研究改性黄土的力学特性变化和改...     

原状黄土的反压饱和法试验研究

含水量是黄土液化特性研究中的一个至关重要的参数,对原状黄土进行充分饱和是饱和黄土动三轴试验中一个不可回避的课题。以WF公司生产的WF12440型空心圆柱扭剪仪为实验平台,运用反压饱和法,对室内原状黄土进行了饱和试验研究。该仪器提供3种不同加压方式增加围压和反压(孔压),即手动加压、自动加压和线性持续加压,通过检测孔隙压力系数B值是否达到0.95以上来判断黄土是否完全饱和。试验表明,即便是初始饱和度较低的原状黄土,也可以采用反压饱和法,在较短的时间内使孔压系数B值达到0.95以上,实现完全饱和,具体可以采用线性连续加压方式;初始压力差,即围压和反压之差一般可设为10 kPa,起始围压也设为10 kPa,太大或太小都会对试样造成破坏;如果孔压在1分钟内的变化值小于围压和反压之间压力差的5%,则认为孔压稳定,即可进行B值检测。     

Bacterial community structure analyses to assess pollution of water and sediments in the Lake Shkodra/Skadar, Balkan Peninsula

- Goal, Scope, Background. Lake Skadar is the largest lake in Balkan Peninsula, located on the Montenegro-Albanian border. The unique features of the lake and wide range of endemic and rare or endangered plant and animal species resulted in the classification of the Skadar as a wetland site of international significance. In spite of its importance the Lake is influenced by inflowing waters from river Morača and other regional rivers contaminated by the industry, municipal and agricultural activities in the area. Therefore, the Lake has been subject of various physical, chemical, biological and toxicological examinations. However, community-level analyses are most relevant to assess the effect of stressors on aquatic ecosystems. In the present study bacterial community structure among differently polluted sites of the lake was compared by genetic fingerprinting technique. Methods Water and sediment samples were collected from five differently polluted sampling sites on the Lake Skadar in spring and autumn of the same year. The bacterial community structure in the samples was characterized and compared by temporal temperature gel electrophoresis (TTGE) analysis of polymerase chain reaction-amplified bacterial 16S rRNA genes. Results and Discussion The TTGE analysis resulted in many distinguishable and reproducible band patterns, allowing reliable comparison of bacterial communities among sampling sites. Results on the bacterial community structure revealed that three of the selected locations can be considered as sites that have not shown any pollution degradation determined by our method, due to similar structure of bacterial community in the sediment samples. On the other hand, significant shifts in bacterial community structure in the mouth of the river Morača and Plavnica were shown. Since the results coincide with some of the bioassays and chemical analysis performed previously, the changes in bacterial community structure are explained as an effect of antropogenic pollution on the lake ecosystem by waters of river Morača and stream Plavnica. Conclusion The TTGE has proven to be an efficient and reliable method to monitor bacterial dynamics and community shifts in aquatic environment, especially in the sediments. Within the variety of environmental quality assessments the use of TTGE analyses of bacterial community is strongly recommended, particularly as an initial investigation. However, in any conclusion on the state of the environment, the TTGE results should be combined to some other biological, chemical and hydrological data. Recommendation and Outlook Since prokaryotes are a crucial group of organisms in the biosphere, the ecosystem function studies are largely based on bacterial communities. Therefore, bacterial community structure analysis should be a part of an integrated weight of evidence approach in pollution assessment. In case of Triad approach, consisting of chemical analyses, bioassays, and community studies in the field, the TTGE bacterial community structure analyses should be placed in the later Triad leg. In comparison to other community studies, based on various biotic indices, the TTGE bacterial community analysis has proven to be very sensitive, reliable and less time consuming.     

四平市二龙湖底泥磷释放研究

采用室内实验模拟法对四平市二龙湖富营养化限制因子磷的底泥释放速率及释放量进行了研究,并研究在种环境因子(温度、pH、DO和扰动因素)影响下底泥磷的释放规律。结果表明,(1)二龙湖年平均底泥释磷量为208·78g,最大释磷率为0·889μg/g(T=20℃,pH=8,DO为4·68mg/L);(2)自然和人为的扰动因素会促进底泥的磷释放;(3)H在弱酸至中性范围内底泥释磷量最小,酸性和碱性条件都有利于磷的释放;(4)随着温度的升高底泥释磷量增大;(5)厌条件比好氧条件更有利于磷的释放。     

高速铁路黄土路堑边坡变形的动力数值分析

以郑西高速铁路客运专线路堑段铁路黄土边坡工程实例为背景,经过适当简化处理,利用数值模拟软件FLAC建立了轨道-路基-黄土边坡系统动力分析计算模型,并对不同列车运行速度下黄土边坡的扰动程度及边坡稳定性进行了分析。结果表明,黄土边坡的扰动程度随列车运行速度的增大而增大,稳定性随列车速度的增大而减小。     

Treated wastewater irrigation effect on soil, crop and environment： Wastewater recycling in the loess area of China

A study was carried out at the Loess Plateau in Dongzhi,China,to test the feasibility of using secondary treatment sewage effluent and to determine whether the water quality would then meet the recommended irrigation norm.Seven crops,including celery,wheat, maize,millet,apples,rapeseed and yellow beans,were tested in the study.Physical and chemical properties of the soil,crop yield and quality and leachate at different soil depths were measured.In most cases,the quality of the crops that made use of treated sewage was not distinctively different from those that did not use treated sewage.However,yields for the former were much higher than they were for the latter.Leachates at different soil depths were analyzed and the results did not show alarming levels of constituents.For a period of approximately 14 months,the treated sewage irrigation had no significant effect on the loess soil and no cases of illness resulting from contact with the treated sewage were reported.With treated sewage irrigation,a slight increase in the organic content of the soil was observed.     

Biological control experiment of excess propagation of Cyclops for drinking water security

Cyclops of zooplankton propagated excessively in eutrophic water body and could not be effectively inactivated by the conventional disinfections process like chlorination due to its stronger resistance to oxidation. In this study, an ecological project was put forward for the excess propagation control of Cyclops by stocking the filter-feeding fishes such as silver carp and bighead carp under the condition of no extraneous nutrient feeding. The results of experiments with different stocking biomass showed that the propagation of Cyclops could be controlled effectively, and the water quality was improved simultaneously by impacting on nutriment level and plankton community structure at proper stocking density of 30 g/m^3 of water. The growth of Cyclops may not be effectually controlled with lower biomass of fish （10 g）, and the natural food chain relation may be destroyed for Cyclops dying out in water while the intense stocking of 120 g per cubic meter of water. In addition, the high predator pressure may accelerate supplemental rate of nutrients from bottom sediments to water body to add the content of total nitrogen and phosphorus in water.     

长江口潮滩沉积物中活性重金属的空间分异及控制机制

利用盐酸羟氨-25%醋酸溶液,提取了长江口潮滩沉积物中活性重金属含量。研究发现,长江口潮滩沉积物中活性重金属占总量的百分含量依次为Cu 26%,Pb 36%,Fe 7%,Mn 49%,Zn 32%,Cr 14%和Al 16%,沉积物基本未受到Cr污染,其余重金属污染程度处于中等偏下水平。除Zn、Cr外,其余活性重金属在夏季沉积物中的含量明显低于春季,其主要原因是夏季风暴潮将大量细颗粒泥沙及其富集的重金属带离潮滩进入了河口水体中。受点源污染排放及沉积物粒度影响,活性重金属在长江口南岸的浒浦、顾路和浦东机场出现峰值含量,且高潮滩含量明显高于中、低潮滩。在垂向上,重金属一般在沉积物表层或亚表层形成富集。在口门附近的滨岸潮滩沉积物中,Cu、Pb的空间分异主要受早期成岩作用的控制,在污染较为严重、水动力作用相对较弱的潮滩沉积物中,Cu、Pb的空间分异主要受沉积物中有机质含量变化的控制.