洱海弥苴河河口沉积物磷吸附特性研究

以洱海主要入湖河流弥苴河的河口表层沉积物为实验对象,研究其磷吸附特性。研究结果表明,Elovich方程对沉积物吸磷动力学拟合较好,考虑沉积物原有吸附态磷的修正Langmuir方程能较好描述弥苴河河口表层沉积物等温吸附特性。弥苴河河口沉积物存在释磷风险,沉积物间隙水正磷浓度远高于临界磷平衡浓度。     

天山北麓宁家河阶地上的黄土堆积及其磁学特征

本文报道了新疆地区天山北麓宁家河阶地上的黄土堆积。研究剖面的两层黄土为河流 砾石层所隔开,这在新疆地区较为少见。通过系统的岩石磁学和粒度测量,分析了该剖面两层 黄土的磁学特征,并初步探讨磁化率变化机制。结果表明：黄土中的主要磁性矿物为磁铁矿和 磁赤铁矿,并含有少量赤铁矿和针铁矿。亚铁磁性矿物主要以多畴（MD）、假单畴（PSD）颗 粒为主,反映了这一地区极弱的成土作用。砾石层上下两层黄土磁学性质存在着差异,表现为 上层黄土具有较高的磁性矿物含量、较粗的磁颗粒和相对含量较高的软磁性矿物。下层黄土受 到后期河水的改造可能是导致这些差异的原因。磁化率与粒度呈现较好的正相关关系,与黄土 高原的情况相反,说明干旱地区的黄土磁学性质主要受原生磁性矿物控制。搬运风力和源区变 化是磁化率变化的主导因素。     

西昆仑山黄土1 Ma 以来的粒度变化特征及其古气候意义

塔里木盆地南缘保存有中国西北地区厚度最大的黄土,是详细研究亚洲内陆极端干旱 区以及塔克拉玛干沙漠形成演化的理想材料。但是,目前对该地区黄土堆积粒度特征系统的研 究还相对较少,对粒度指标的古环境意义仍存有不同的认识。通过对207 m 黄土岩芯的粒度分 析发现,西昆仑山黄土的粒度组成比较均一,分选较好,主要以粗颗粒物质为主,细颗粒含量 极少,并具有典型的风成成因特征。此外,西昆仑山黄土粒度1 Ma 以来呈现出持续变粗的趋势。 通过与其他气候指标的对比,这种变粗的趋势可能主要反映了中更新世以来亚洲内陆逐步增强 的干旱化过程。     

长江口邻近海域沉积物中生物硅溶解行为研究

对长江口邻近海域进行调查,分析沉积物中生物硅的空间分布特征,探讨影响生物硅溶解以及保存的因素.结果表明,生物硅含量的平面分布具有近岸高于远海的分布趋势,陆源输入、沉积速率以及水动力条件是影响生物硅在沉积物中埋藏的主要因素.生物硅溶解速率常数随空间以及深度无明显变化规律,间隙水中硅酸盐相对于生物硅溶解度的不饱和程度、有机外壳对生物硅的包裹以及间隙水中Al离子浓度等因素会影响生物硅的溶解进而会影响其在沉积物中的保存和间隙水中硅酸盐浓度的变化.     

滇池表层沉积物对磷的吸附特征

在室内模拟条件下,从滇池表层沉积物对磷的吸附动力学与热力学两个角度出发,研究了滇池沉积物对磷的吸附特征,同时探讨了不同磷形态对磷吸附特性的影响,结果表明:1滇池不同形态磷含量顺序为:有机磷钙(O-P)钙结合态磷(Ca-P)金属氧化物结合态磷(Al-P)残渣态磷(Res-P)可还原态磷(Fe-P)弱吸附态磷(NH4Cl-P);2沉积物对磷的吸附动力学过程分为2个阶段,即快吸附和慢吸附阶段.快吸附阶段主要发生在0~0.5 h内,而慢吸附阶段主要发生在0.5~4 h.滇池沉积物对磷的吸附过程主要在4 h内完成.3外海北部上覆水磷酸盐(SRP)浓度低于沉积物中磷的吸附/解吸平衡浓度(EPC0),可初步判断该区域沉积物有向上覆水体释放磷的风险.4不同区域沉积物磷的最大吸附量(Qmax)和总最大吸附量(TQmax)均以外海南部最大.5沉积物本底吸附态磷含量(NAP)与钙结合态磷(Ca-P)呈显著正相关关系(R2=0.5139,p0.05),而其他吸附特征参数与磷形态之间相关性均不显著.6与洱海、太湖等湖泊相比,滇池沉积物磷的本底吸附态磷(NAP)和最大吸附量(Qmax)均处于较高水平,磷污染较为严重.     

Development of a Dynamic Aquatic Model (DynA Model): Estimating Temporal Emissions of DDT to Lake Maggiore (N. Italy)

- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2006.01.009 Background, Aims and Scope Most existing models used to describe the fate of chemicals in surface water and sediment generally consider a 'static scenario', in which a contaminant is discharged at a constant rate and environmental input parameters do not change during the simulation time. This approach is not suitable in environmental scenarios characterized by daily or periodic changes of several input parameters. The aim of this study is to estimate approximate emissions of DDT lo Lake Maggiore using a new surface water model, (DynA Model) that describes the fate of a chemical in a dynamic scenario. Methods The model is developed on the grounds of an existing and validated model (QWASI). A numerical solution was adopted to build the fully dynamic version of the model. Results and Discussion The model was applied to Lake Maggiore emitting DDT at a constant rate until steady-state was reached. Emissions were stopped and later sporadic 'pulse' emissions were added. This was done to calculate the amount of DDT needed to simulate concentrations close to those measured in water and sediments. This allowed the evaluation of the order of magnitude of emissions. An uncertainty analysis for sediment resuspension was also performed, given the lack of measured resuspension rates. Conclusion The model showed the time response of the Lake Maggiore system to varying emission scenarios and provided what are regarded as reasonable estimates of DDT emissions. The model demonstrated the importance of sediment-water exchange. Recommendation and Outlook In order to better calculate DDT concentrations the model should be run with different discharge scenarios to clarify the time trends of concentrations, possibly with the use of different sets of measured data (such as biota and sediment deposition/resuspension rates).     

STREAMBED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY FOR RIVERS IN SOUTH‐CENTRAL NEBRASKA1

ABSTRACT: This paper presents hydraulic conductivities of streambeds measured in three rivers in south‐central Nebraska: the Platte, Republican, and Little Blue Rivers. Unlike traditional permeameter tests in streams that determine only the vertical hydraulic conductivity (K_v), the extended permeameter methods used in this study can measure K in both vertical and horizontal as well as oblique directions. As a result, the anisotropy of channel sediments can be determined from streambed tests of similar sediment volumes. Sandy streambeds with occasional silt/clay layers exist in the Republican and Platte Rivers. The average K_v values range from about 15 to 47 m/day for the sandy streambed and about 1.6 m/day for the silt/clay layers. Statistical analyses indicated that the K_v values of sand and gravel in the Platte and Republican Rivers essentially have the same mean; but the K_v values from the Little Blue River have a statistically different mean. K_v is about four times smaller than the horizontal hydraulic conductivity (K_h) for the top 40 cm of sandy streambed. Measured K_h values of the sandy streambed are in the same magnitude as the K_h of the alluvial aquifer determined using pumping tests. The smaller K_v value in the whole aquifer is the result of interbedded layers of silt and clay within the sand and gravel sediments.     

OCCURRENCE OF TOTAL DISSOLVED PHOSPHORUS IN UNCONSOLIDATED AQUIFERS AND AQUITARDS IN IOWA1

ABSTRACT: Seven sets of ground water samples from 103 observation wells were analyzed for total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) in four areas and five materials including loess and loess derived alluvium in the Deep Loess Hills of western Iowa, outwash and fractured till adjacent to Clear Lake in north central Iowa, fractured till in central Iowa, and a sand and gravel aquifer in northwest Iowa. Land use in ground water recharge zones in all four areas is dominated by crop or animal production or both. Concentrations of TDP exceeding the minimum laboratory detection limit of 20 μg/l as P were found in all areas and in all materials sampled. Samples from the outwash deposits associated with Clear Lake contained significantly larger concentrations than all other areas and materials with a median of 160 μg/l. Water from fractured till in three areas produced the smallest range of concentrations with a median of 40 μg/l. The mean value of TDP in all sample sets exceeded 50 μg/l, an important ecological threshold that causes increased productivity in lakes and perennial streams and one being considered as a surface water nutrient standard by regulatory agencies. These results clearly show that ground water in essentially all near‐surface aquifers and aquitards discharging to Iowa's streams and lakes is capable of sustaining P concentrations of 50 to 100 μg/l in streams, lakes, and reservoirs. Consequently, even if point discharges and sediment sources of P are substantially reduced, ground‐water discharge to surface water may exceed critical thresholds under most conditions.     

Heavy metals in sandy sediments of the Rías Baixas (NW Spain)

We studied the concentrations of certain heavy metals in the total and labile fractions of sandy sediments from four embayments situated on the northwestern coast of Spain. In orderto compensate for the effects of the heterogeneity in texture ofthe different samples, data were normalized. Organic carbon was the most suitable normalizing factor for copper, lead and zinc inthe total fraction and copper in the labile fraction, and iron was the most suitable for the other metals in both fractions.Enrichment of copper, lead and zinc in these sediments may have been caused by sewage contamination. The percentages of extractability for chromiun were remarkable.     

我国黄土高原地区农业生产的气候脆弱性变化预测

在生态脆弱的黄土高原地区,农业生产受到气候变化的影响波动很大。本文在介绍脆弱性的有关定义和农业生产的气候脆弱性评估方案的基础上,对1997年的脆弱性状况做了初步评估,并利用有关GCM预测结果,估算了有关灾害指标的可能变化,对未来黄土高原地区农业生产的气候脆弱性可能变化进行了预测,其评估方法和预测结果可为有关部门决策提供一定的科学依据。